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1、The Renaissance：Marlowe, Shakespeare,英国文艺复兴时期诗人：马洛与莎士比亚,The Renaissance Begins in Italy,The Renaissance begins in Italy The Renaissance begins in Italy and spreads north to the rest of Europe.Italy was the center of trade between northern Europe and Africa.It was the center of Greco-Roman culture.It
2、 was the center of the Catholic Church.The Renaissance runs between 1300 and 1650.,During the Middle Ages man had lived enveloped in a cowl. He had not seen the beauty of the world, or had seen it only to cross himself, and turn aside and tell his beads and pray. Beauty is a snare, pleasure a sin, t
3、he world a fleeting show, man fallen and lost, death the only certainty, judgment inevitable, hell everlasting, heaven hard to win, ignorance is acceptable to God as a proof of faith and submission- these were the fixed ideas of the ascetic mediaeval Church.,The Renaissance shattered and destroyed t
4、he old ideas, rending the thick veil which they had drawn between the mind of man and the outer world, and flashing the light of reality upon the darkened places of his own nature. For the mystic teaching of the Church was substituted culture in the classical humanities; a new ideal was established,
5、 whereby man strove to make himself the monarch of the globe on which it is his privilege as well as destiny to live. The Renaissance was the liberation of humanity from a dungeon, the double discovery of the outer and the inner world.,The Beginning,The term Renaissance means “rebirth” in Latin. It
6、was the rebirth of art and learning. It was influenced by very powerful families such as the Medici family. The Medicis were bankers out of Florence. The families gave support to various artists.,Characteristics of Renaissance,HumanismIndividualismQuestioning AttitudeInterest in Secular, or non-reli
7、gious worldly matters.Rise of the middle class (Disposable income)Great achievements in the arts.,Humanism,Humanism is the idea that is focused on human achievements and potential rather than religious themes. Focused on the man and his world. Concentrated on everyday human problems and relationship
8、s. Humanists focus on pleasure rather than morality.,Humanism,The secular nature of humanism, as well as its questioning attitude, often brought it into conflict with the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and Medieval thinking.,最后的晚餐 （意大利） 达 芬奇画1495 - 1497年 米兰圣玛利亚格拉契修道院藏,文艺复兴美术三杰,西斯廷教堂天顶画
9、局部壁画 36541314米 米开朗期罗 （意大利） 梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏 （1475 - 1564年）,西斯庭教堂内景,椅中圣母（油画）（意大利）拉斐尔（1514 - 1516年）,选自http:/,Edmund Spenser, the Poets Poet(1552-1599),Spensers other works,Amoretti, Epithalamion,The Shepherds Calendar,Spenser Quotes,“It is the mind that maketh good or ill, that maketh wretch or happy, rich o
10、r poor.” “Sleep after toil, port after stormy seas, Ease after war, death after life does greatly please.” “True loves are often sown,but seldom grow on ground.” “The poets scrolls will outlive the monuments of stone. Genius survives; all else is claimed by death.”,born in a minor noble family。educa
11、ted at the Merchant Taylors School and Pembroke College.In 1576 went to the north of England, where he wrote The Shepheardes Calender.In 1580, secretary to Lord Grey of Wilton, the queens deputy in Ireland.In 1598, forced to abandon Kilcolman Castle.,His Life,Back,His Major Works,The Faerie Oueene (
12、his masterpiece) (1590-1596)The Shepheardes Calender (lament for the loss of Rosalind) (1579):a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.Epithalamion (a wedding hymn) (1595),Back,The Faerie Queene,The Faerie Oueene,The Faerie Queene is a long poem planned in twelve books, of whi
13、ch he finished only six. It is an allegorical work dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I .,Back,The Faerie Queene,Largely symbolic, the poem follows several knights in their adventures to test their virtues: Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice, Courtesy.Dominating thoughts: nationalism, hum
14、anism, and puritanism.,Writing feature of the poem,The Faerie Queene” was written in a special verse form called : Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)。Each stanza has 9 lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameterform抑扬格五音步, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line长短格六步格诗 . The rhythm sch
15、eme is abab bcbc c.,Canto 1 (Excerpt),A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine , Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde , Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine , The curell markes of many a bloudy fielde ; Yet armes till that time did he never wield : His angry steede did chide his fom
16、ing bitt , As much disdayning to the curbe to yield : Full jolly knight he seemd , and faire did sitt , As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt,仙后(第一卷,节选）,高贵的骑士在平原上策马驰骋， 挎著锋利的刀枪和银光闪烁的盾牌， 盾上深深的刀痕是历史的见证， 永不让人忘记多次浴血沙场的残酷历程； 但骑士却是第一次披甲挂帅。 他的烈马愤怒地责怪著韁绳， 像是说决不屈从於羁绊的窒碍。 快乐的骑士在马上英姿飒爽， 善於比武，也能在
17、战场与敌人激烈交锋。,The Faerie Queene格律分析,A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine , AYcladd in mighttie armes and silver shielde , BWherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine , AThe curell markes of many a bloudy fielde ; BYet armes till that time did he never wield : BHis angry steede did chide his fo
18、ming bitt , CAs much disdayning to the curbe to yield : BFull jolly knight he seemd , and faire did sitt , CAs one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt . C,5 main qualities of His Poetry,(1)a perfect melody(2)a rare sense of beauty(3)a splendid imagination(4)a lofty oral purity and serious
19、ness(5)a delicate realism.,Back,Comments on Him,Spencer was the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age, and the first master of English verse, which he made the natural music of his voice. Spencer has been called the “poets poet”, because of his idealism, his love of beauty, and his exqui
20、site melody.Spencer has exerted great influence on later poets.,Back,Thomas Wyatt; Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (P.39),Sonnet was introduced into England by Wyatt and Surrey; Surrey wrote the first English blank verse.,Forget Not Yet别忘了 The Lover Beseecheth his Mistress not to 恋人祈求薄情女Forget his Stea
21、dfast Faith and True Intent 别忘了他的真情实意Thomas Wyatt托马斯 怀亚特 Forget not yet tried entent别忘了我曾对你Of such a truth as I have meant;怀有真情，忠贞不渝My great travail so gladly spent,苦苦追求，乐此不疲，Forget not yet!别忘了！Forget not yet when first began别忘了咱俩结识The weary life ye know, since whan在浮生厌倦之际；The suit, the service, non
22、e tell can;从此迷恋你，殷勤无比，Forget not yet!别忘了！,Forget not yet the great assays, 别忘了我百般尝试The cruel wrong, the scornful ways, 你却冷酷而鄙夷，The painful patience in delays, 一味拖延，我则忍耐到底，Forget not yet! 别忘了！Forget not, yet forget not this 别忘了，别忘了一点How long ago hath veen, and is, 我早已和你缢绻The mind that never meant ami
23、ss 如今痴心依然Forget not yet! 别忘了！Forget not then thine own approved, 别忘了你曾默认The which so long hath thee so loved, 久久苦恋你的人Whose steadfast faith yet never moved 信誓旦旦不变心Forget not this! 别忘了！ （孙梁 译）,Philip Sidney (1554-1586),Sidneys A Defense for Poetry (1595) is one of the earliest English literary essays
24、and poetic criticisms. (p. 40)“Either I will find a way, or I will make one.”,Essay,In England the term was inaugurated in 1597 by Francis Bacon, who wrote shrewd meditations on civil and moral wisdom. Montaigne and Bacon, in fact, illustrate the two distinct kinds of essaythe informal and the forma
25、l. The informal essay is personal, intimate, relaxed, conversational, and frequently humorous. Some of the greatest exponents of the informal essay are Jonathan Swift, Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey, Mark Twain, James Thurber, and E. B. White.,Montaigne,Francis Bacon,1. Bacon was t
26、he founder of modern science in England, e. g. his invention of inductive method compared with the Aristotelian deductive method. (p. 45)2. Famous also for his Essays.3. QuotationsReading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”It is impossible to love and to be wise.,Eli
27、zabethan drama,Elizabethan drama refers to the plays produced while Queen Elizabeth reigned in England, from 1558 until 1603. It was during this time that the public began attending plays in large numbers. The opening of several good-sized playhouses was responsible for this increased patronage, the
28、 largest and most famous of which was the Globe theater (1599), home to many of Shakespeares works. The most popular types of Elizabethan plays were histories of Englands rulers, but revenge dramas and bawdy comedies also drew significant crowds. Although Shakespeare was the most prolific and certai
29、nly the most famous of the Elizabethan dramatists, other popular playwrights of the period included Christopher Marlowe (Dr. Faustus) and Ben Johnson (The Alchemist).,The Medieval Miracle Play,The Medieval Morality Play, the Interlude,Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593),The most gifted of the “university
30、 wits”, author of Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus.,Doctor Faustus (1587),How am I glutted with conceit of this!Shall I make spirits fetch me what I please,Resolve me of all ambiguities,Perform what desperate enterprise I will?“ “Oh, it strikes, it strikes! Now body turn to air,Or L
31、ucifer will bear thee quick to hell.Oh soul, be changed into little water dropsAnd fall into the ocean, neer be found.My God, my God, look not so fierce on me.Adders and serpents, let me breathe awhile.Ugly hell, gape not, come not, Lucifer!,Tamburlaine the Great (1587),Is it not brave to be a king,
32、 Techelles?Usumcasane and Theridamas,Is it not passing brave to be a king,And ride in triumph through Persepolis?Come, let us march against the powers of heaven,And set black streamers in the firmament,To signify the slaughter of the gods.,The Jew of Malta (1592),I count religion but a childish toy,
33、And hold there is no sin but ignorance. Now will I show myself to have more of the serpent than the dove; that is, more knave than fool.( Compare: Be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves, Matthew 10:16.)Love me little, love me long. Infinite riches in a little room.Excess of wealth i
34、s cause of covetousness.,The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致他的情人Christopher Marlowe,Come live with me and be my love,And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves,hills,and fields,Woods,or steepy mountain yields.And we will sit upon the rocks,Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,
35、By shallow rivers to whose fallsMelodious birds sing madrigals.,做我的伴侣吧永不分离；青山绿野绕幽溪，巍巍峰峦插云霄，赏心悦目多逍遥！咱俩偎依岩石上，观赏牧童饲羊群；清溪潺 潺脉脉流，鸟鸣嘤嘤为伴奏。,And I will make thee beds of rosesAnd a thousand fragrant posies,A cap of flowers, and a kirtleEmbroidered all with leaves of myrtle;A gown made of the finest woolWhic
36、h from our pretty lambs we pull;Fair lined slippers for the cold,With buckles of the purest gold;,蔷薇花，铺新床，献万千花束芬芳；戴花冠，披新装，编自翠叶桃金娘。纯羊毛，制长袍，采自娇美小羊羔；镶边绣鞋多轻巧，纯金扣子扣得牢。,A belt of straw and ivy buds,With coral clasps and amber studs:And if these pleasures may thee move,Come live with me and be my love.Thy
37、silver dishes for thy meatAS precious as the gods do eat,Shall on an ivory table bePrepared each day for thee and me.The shepherds swains shall dance and singFor thy delight each May morning:If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me and be my love.,珊瑚钩，琥珀钮，麦杆青藤腰带束；要是这些你中意，做我伴侣不分离。银杯盘，盛佳肴
38、，美味只供仙女曹；象牙桌，摆得满，每日享用你与咱。初夏清晨饱眼福：牧人风流载歌舞；要是这些你中意做我伴侣吧永不分离。,Portraits of Shakespeare,William Shakespeare (1564-1616),About William Shakespeare,Britains and perhaps the worlds greatest playwright and poet. In his time Shapespeare wrote 13 Comedies, 13 Historical Plays, 6 Tragedies, 4 Tragicomedies, as
39、 well as many sonnets (154) , which were mostly dedicated to his patron, Henry Wriothsley, The Earl of Southampton.,The Globe Theater 1599,The New Globe Theater 1999,Famous Plays by Shakespeare,“Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind.”“Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works.”“I will speak d
40、aggers to her, but use none.”“When sorrows come, they come not single spies,But in battalions.”,Famous Plays by Shakespeare,“To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to dayTo the last syllable of recorded time,And all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dust
41、y death. Out, out, brief candle!Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor playerThat struts and frets his hour upon the stageAnd then is heard no more: it is a taleTold by an idiot, full of sound and fury,Signifying nothing. “,Famous Plays by Shakespeare,I have no great devotion to the deed, and yet he hat
42、h given me satisfying reasons; tis but a man gone. Forth my sword: he dies!“ Trifles light as air are to the jealous confirmations strong as proofs of holy writ. The worlds a huge thing: it is a great price for a small vice.,Famous Plays by Shakespeare,“How sharper than a serpents tooth it isTo have
43、 a thankless child!”“Time shall unfold what plaited cunning hides.” Mend your speech a little,Lest it may mar your fortunes.,Famous Plays by Shakespeare,“But love is blind, and lovers cannot seeThe pretty follies that themselves commit.”“Why should a man whose blood is warm within,Sit like his grand
44、sire cut in alabaster?”“How far that little candle throws his beams!So shines a good deed in a naughty world.”“When he is best, he is a little worse than a man; and when he is worst, he is little better than a beast.”,Famous Plays by Shakespeare,Is love a tender thing? It is too rough,Too rude, too
45、boistrous; and it pricks like thorn. Whats in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet. Death lies on her like an untimely frostUpon the sweetest flower of all the field.,Romeo and Juliet,Hamlet,Soliloquy by Hamlet,To be, or not to be-that is the question: Whether tis
46、nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them.生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。 究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残, 还是挺身去反抗那无边的烦恼，把它扫一个干净。,Soliloquy by Hamlet,To die, to sleep- To sleep-perchance to dream: ay, theres the rub, For in that
47、sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. Theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life.去死，去睡， 去睡，也许会做梦！唉，这就麻烦了，即使摆脱了这尘世 可在这死的睡眠里又会做些什么梦呢？真得想一想，就这点顾虑使人受着终身的折磨。,Soliloquy by Hamlet,To die, to sleep- No more-and by a sleep to say we en
48、d The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished.去死，去睡就结束了，如果睡眠能结束我们心灵的创伤和肉体所承受的千百种痛苦，那真是生存求之不得的天大的好事。,Soliloquy by Hamlet,For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, Th oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely The pangs of despi
49、sed love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of th unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? 谁甘心忍受那鞭打和嘲弄，受人压迫，受尽侮蔑和轻视，忍受那失恋的痛苦，法庭的拖延，衙门的横征暴敛，默默无闻的劳碌却只换来多少凌辱。但他自己只要用把尖刀就能解脱了。,Soliloquy by Hamlet,Who would fardels bear, To grunt
50、and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? 谁也不甘心，呻吟、流汗拖着这残生，可是对死后又感觉到恐惧，又从来没有任何人从死亡的国土里回来，因此动摇了，宁愿忍受着
