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1、风格与翻译,正式语体和非正式语体。,“风格的区分”包括词汇和句子两个层次的风格韵律比较。词汇层次比较可以通过三个方面：,1、词源：拉丁语词源法语词源英语词源（“”表示正式程度更高）,ConflagrationflamefireTrepidationterrorfearDiminutivepetitesmall/littleConsecratedsacredholy,AscendmountriseIngestdineeatCommencebeginConcludeendEmploymentjob,2、语域：专业词汇日常词汇，诗体词汇、古语词汇普通词汇,Stanza(professional)pa
2、rtProtagnist(professional)leading role/figurePuissant(poetic)strong/powerful,Plaint(poetic)complaintHoarfrosty(archaic)hoary; hoarMaiden(poetic)girlSlumbersleepYonder(archaic)over there,DepartleaveApprehensivescaredExplodeblowResignquitFatiguedtiredfailflunk,法律合同中常见的正式词汇(括号内为一般用词和中文的翻译),miscellaneou
3、s(other matters其他事宜)rescind(cancel撤销)prior to(before在之前)obligation(duty责任义务)certify(prove证明)expiry(end期满),commence （ begin开始)inform(tell告知)revise(correctchange修正)proceed(go进行)consent(agreement同意)deem(think认为)render(give给予)rescind(cancel撤销),（孔乙己）直起身子看一看豆，自己摇头说：“不多不多，多乎哉？不多也！”Then straightening up to
4、look at the peas again, he would shake his head.” Not much! Verily! Not much, forsooth!”（杨宪益译）Then hed straighten up, wag his head from side to side as though intoning the classics and say: “Few be my beans. Hath the gentleman many? Nay, he hath hardly any.” (Willian Lyell),3、形态：单个动词短语动词,Encounterco
5、me acrossInvestigatelook intoTolerateput up withParticipatetake part inUtilize Make good use of Surrenderturn in,完全形式缩略形式,AdvertisementadTelevisionTVSubway/submarinesubLaboratorylabCannotcant I amImIt is its,严格的一致关系(concord)不严格的一致关系,Everyone should do his best. (formal)Everyone should do their best.
6、 (informal)Im surprised at his making such a foolish mistake. (formal)Im surprised at him making such a foolish mistake. (informal)He speaks French better than I do. (formal)He speaks French better than me. (informal),表示方式的介词短语单个副词,He speaks in a halting way. (formal)He speaks haltingly. (informal)H
7、e spoke confidently. (informal)He spoke in a confident way. (formal)He spoke with confidence. (formal),句子层次比较可以通过几个方面：,1、阅读A Communicative Grammar of English (Leech & Svartvik,1975)，熟记连词、介词的风格差异Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1975). A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman.,比如,notwithstandingde
8、spite (in spite of )though；in order thatin order toso as to；provided that / on condition that so long as on account that on account of because,2、强调前置的倒装语序普通语序,Had I known this before, I would have told you earlier. (formal)If I had had known, I would have told you earlier. (informal)Go I cant. (form
9、al)I cant go. (informal)Yield he would not. (formal) He would not yield (informal),Also discussed was a revenue-raising proposal to hike the fuel tax. (formal)A revenue-raising proposal was also discussed to hike the fuel tax. (informal)Out was the nail taken. (formal)The nail was taken out. (inform
10、al),3、分词或名词构成的独立结构由连词引导的从句,Feeling tired, John went to bed early. (formal)John went to bed early because he felt tired. (formal)John felt tired, so he went to bed early. (informal),The weather having improved, we decided to go swimming. (formal)Since the weather had improved, we decided to go swimmi
11、ng. (informal)Being a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments. (formal)As he was a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments. (informal),Child that he was, he did not believe what was told. (formal)Although he was a child , he didnt believe what was told. (informal)
12、Difficult that the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time. (formal)Although the task was difficult, they managed to accomplish it in time. (informal),4、it起始的叙述结构(如It is noted that) 普通叙述结构,It has been noted with concern that the stocks of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. (
13、formal)The number of books in the library has been going down. (informal)It was argued that the Sun was the center of the universe. (formal)They said the Sun was the center of the universe. (informal),5、用虚拟语气、被动语态表示的请求陈述语气、主动语态的请求,Could I suggest that the meeting be postpone until tomorrow? (formal)
14、I suggest the meeting postponing until tomorrow. (informal)Could you possibly go out for a while? (formal)Please go out. (informal),Please gather at the gate of the school. (informal)The students are requested to gather at the gate of the school. (formal),6、（表示动作或状态的）名词化结构动词结构,Rectification of this
15、fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge. (formal)You can rectify this fault if you insert a wedge. (informal)This leads to our pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. (formal)We are both pleasant and shocked to know many of the values we unquesti
16、oningly accept are false. (informal),7、介词置于wh-形式前介词置于wh-形式后,With what did your write it? (formal)What did you write it with? (informal)To whom are you writing? (formal)Who are you writing to? (informal)She longed for a friend in whom she could confide. (formal)She longed for a friend (who) she could
17、 confide. (informal),8.称呼语,When his father died, Peter had to get another job. (informal)After his fathers death, Peter had to change his job. (informal)On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment. (formal),“五只钟”(five clocks),凝固体(frozen)正式体(formal)商洽体(consultat
18、ive)随意体(casual)亲密体(intimate)。Joos, M. 1961. The Five Clocks. New York & London: Harcout Brace Jovanovich.,凝固体(frozen): legal documents正式体(formal): letter of recommendation; accountant, educational, psychological works; scientific works商洽体(consultative): news report; ordinary literature随意体(casual): l
19、etter/email to a good friend亲密体(intimate): talk to a close friend,不同场景下使用的开场白语言 （注意四种风格）,Madame chairman , Mrs vice-president, honored guests, faculty and friends: I feel most deeply honored to have been invited to speak to such an illustrious gathering tonight and to be given the privilege of repre
20、senting my distinguished colleagues, especially Dr Monrovia, who has been engaged in a very demanding research project in the field of sociolinguistics, an area of study which we feel has great potential for your profession also. (Frozen),Ladies and gentlemen, I m exceedingly grateful to have been a
21、sked by our chairman , Dr Jean Monrovia, to present our recent findings on the topic of “Research and Developments in Sociolinguistics”, and hope it will prove useful to those of you engaged in teaching English. (Formal),Good evening, Friends,Our chairman , Jean Monrovia, asked me to share some of m
22、y current research in sociolinguistics, and I hope it will be useful to you in your English classes next week. (Casual),Hi, everyone, Jean asked me to come on over and rap a bit about the stuff Im into in sociolinguistics. Maybe itll help in teaching those English classes, and I hope you wont be tur
23、ned off with some of the technical jargon and stuff. (intimate),我儿子是拉洋车的。My son is a rickshaw-boy.My son pulls a rickshaw.My son is a riskshawman by trade.,正式句子往往在长度上更长。如：,I require your attendance to be punctual. (formal)I want your to come on time. (informal)A not inconsiderable amount of time was
24、 expended on the task. (formal)The job took a long time. (informal),I apprehend an atmosphere of spontaneous delight with your arrival. (formal)Awfully nice to see you here . (informal)Could I have your attention, please? (formal)You guys shut up! (informal),Im terribly sorry to interrupt , but I wo
25、nder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.Will you belt up !,Wrong style mixing,He mounted the gee-gee.He got on the steed.It was extremely gracious of you to invite me, Lady Jones, and Ive had bags of fun,Compare the styles,Steed(poetic)Horses(general)nag(slang) Gee-gee(baby lan
26、guage),domicile(very formal, official)residence(formal)abode(poetic)home(generall),Cast (literary, biblical)Fling (literary)Throw (general)Chuck (casual, slang),diminutive(very formal)tiny(colloquial)wee(colloquial, dialectal),They chucked a stone at the cops , and then did a bunk with the loot.Afte
27、r casting a stone at the police , they absconded with the money,Peters wife was very angry when he came home with the girl from the discotheque. Peters old woman hit the roof when he came home with that doll from the disco.,Announcement from the librarian,It has been noted with concern that the stoc
28、k of books in the library has been declining alarmingly, students are requested to remind the themselves of the rules for the borrowing and returning of books and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.The number of books in t
29、he library has been going down . Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience. So from now on , were going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned!,近日切查图书馆之图书锐减。诸位同学请注意借还书之制度，切记其他同学（学友）之需求。逾期不还者将严惩不迨。图书馆的书一天比一天少了。请大家搞清楚借
30、书的制度，别忘了，图书馆是为大伙儿提供方便的。从现在起，我们就要严格执行制度哪！大家都知道了吧！（别忘哪！大家一定得注意哪！）,As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his a
31、mbition.【译文】 因为凯撒爱我，我为他哭泣；因为他幸运，我为他高兴；因为他英勇，我对他尊崇；但因为他有野心，我就刺杀了他。用眼泪汇报他的爱；用欢乐庆祝他的幸运；用尊崇纪念他的英勇；而用刺杀制止他的野心。,Like my friend, I now have an alternative to complaining. When Im bored with my life, I take my pencils out in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees.【译文】 同有位朋友一样，我现在不再抱怨，而是去做一些别的事情。在生活中感到厌倦时，我就拿起铅笔，到后院里随便涂鸦个把小时，画画树林的速写，尽量画得看上去像是树林。,
