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1、中学英语语法,Chapter 1 词类、句子成分和构词法,一、词类（10种）名词 形容词代词数词冠词,动词副词介词连词感叹词,名词:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange代词主要用来代替名词 who, she, you, it 形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征. good, right数词: 表示数目或事物的one, two, first动词：表示动作或状.am, is, are, have,see 副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等 now, very, here, often, quietly,
2、 slowly冠词：用在名词前,帮助说明名词 a, an, the介词： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。in, on, from, above, behind连词:用来连接词、短语或句子and, but, before感叹词:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情oh, well, hi, hello.,二、句子成分（7种）主语:谁（名词或代词）Im Miss Green.谓语:做什么（动词）He cleans the room.表语:怎么样（名词、代词或形容词） My name is Ping ping宾语:什么（名词或代词） He can spell the word定语:修饰名词或代词
3、a big city状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词（副词）. works hard宾补:说明宾语怎么样或干什么(形容词或动词) keep their classroom clean同位语:紧跟在名词代词后面,进一步说明 Where is your classmate, Tom ?,CHU SAN YING YU ZONG FU XI,英语总复习,名词的数,名词的所有格,名词的变化,可数名词,不可数名词,名词.,普通名词,专有名词,名词：,可数名词,不可数名词,单数复数,转变,一、英语可数名词的单复数,规则变化在单数名词词尾加ss,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为
4、i,再加es以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。不规则变化manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词a bag of ricetwo bags of rice,a piece of paperthree pieces of paper,Practice:,There are many (bus) and (car) on the street.I have two (watch), so I give a (watch) to my sister.Yesterday I went to the superm
5、arket and bought some （dish）,cars,buses,watches,watch,dishes,练习：,写出下列单词的单数或复数形式,friend,cat,tree,s,s,question,s,s,key,s,toy,s,photo,s,tomato,es,potato,es,leaf,/leaves,zoo,s,radio,s,holiday,s,baby,/babies,city,/cities,roof,s,bus,es,box,es,二、名词所有格,表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s：Childerns Day(儿童节)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在
6、词尾加Teachers Day(教师节)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加sChinas population(中国的人口).无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).,单复数同形: 英语中，有些名词的单数与复数同行:例：people、Chinese、Japanese、 fish 、 deer（鹿）、 sheep（绵羊）e.g: There are many fish in the river. We have a fish for lunch.,记住以下10
7、个要把f或者fe改成v加es的单词：wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(树叶)，thief(贼)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。,重点,但roof-roofs(屋顶)是例外！,辨认下列哪些是名词，哪些不是名词：,computer， take coffee， water，run. notebook. bring, table, sport interesting, Monday age new actor sell,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1. Different people may have dif
8、ferent _. (idea)2. I often go to work on . (foot)3. I know one of the . (boy)4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass)5. Please give them their . (photo)6. Are there any in the box? (watch)7. There are twelve in a year. (month),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,NOUN.,8. Would you like
9、some ? (tomato)9. Look at those in the boats! (people)10. Look! The are singing. (woman)11. September 10th is Day. (teacher)12. Jim has some . (knife)13. How much are these ? (vegetable)14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),Lucys,minut
10、es,vegetables,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,代词,人称代词物主代词反身代词指示代词关系代词疑问代词连接代词不定代词,人称代词物主代词反身代词指示代词相互代词疑问代词关系代词不定代词,一.概念,二、分类: 按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：,主格I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they,宾格 me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them,adj性 my, your, her, his, its, our, your, their, n性 mine, yours, hers, his
11、, its, ours, yours, theirs,myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves,oneself,this, that, these, those,each other, one another,who, whom, which, whose, what,who, whom, which, whose, that, as,代词是代替名词的一种词类。用来代替上文中提到过的人或物。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。,sth; sb; both; all; no; anot
12、her, others ,一.人称代词,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,人称,格,数,单数,复数,主格,宾格,主格,宾格,I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,we,you,they,us,you,them,主格、宾格、所有格讲解,1、人称代词主格：在句子开头作主语，表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。例:1)Iamateacher. 2)Youarestudent.Heisastudent,too. 3)We/You/Theyarestudents.2、人称代词宾格：在动词或介词后作宾语，表示动作行为的对象。例： 1）Giveittome. 2)Letsgo(lets=le
13、tus) 3.物主代词所有格:用在名词前，表示是谁的东西 例:1)Thisismybook. 2)Weloveourmotherland.我们热爱我们的祖国,二.物主代词,my,our,your,your,his,her,its,their,mine,ours,yours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs,5. Shall _ have a look at that classroom? That is _ classroom. ( we )6. Are these _ tickets? No, _are not _. _arent here. ( they )7.I hav
14、e a beautiful cat. _name is Mimi. These cakes are _. ( it ),they,their,our,we,theirs,Theirs,its,its,1、单数你他我，复数一二三，道歉我为先.,一.人称代词,1.我、你、他、都18岁。_2.你们、我们、他们都来自中国。 _.,You, he and I are 18.,We, you and they are from China,2、在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后多用宾格., I like English. _ too. A. I B. He C. Me,1. Who broke
15、 the window? Not _. A. I B. he C. her2. Miss Li invited _ have dinner with her . A. me and you B. you and I C. you and me3. Who taught _ English last term? A. them B. their C. they,1Is this _ book? AYou BI Cshe Dyour2Its a bird. _ name is Polly.AItsBIts CHisDIt3Whats that ?_ a jeep.AitsBIts CItsDits
16、4Whats that in English? _.AIts eggBThats egg CIts a eggDIts an egg,练习一、用所给词的适当形式填空1. That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2. The dress is _. Give it to _. ( she )3. _ dresses are red. (we) What colour are _? ( you )4. _ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamp
17、s are _. ( he ),my,mine,her,hers,He,His,Our,his,yours,一、选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3. （He / His）name is Mark. 4. Whats（she / her）name?5. Excuse（me / my / I）.,Exercises：正确的代词形式填空。,1. _ am Peter. _ mom is a teacher. (my) 2. _ is a tall boy. _ name is Jim. (
18、He) 3. That isnt a cat. _ (It/ They) is a dog.4. _ are from Britain. Whats _ name? (you) .5. _ is new. Whats _ name? (her) 6. _ are students. (you),I,My,He,His,It,You,your,She,her,They,1.这是你的狗。这只狗是你的。2.这是她的汉堡包。这个汉堡包是她的。3.这是他的猫。这只猫是他的。4.这些是我们的香蕉。这些香蕉是我们的。5.这是他们的汽车。这辆汽车是他们的。,This is her hamburger. Thi
19、s hamburger is hers.,This is your dog. This dog is yours.,This is his cat. This cat is his.,These are our bananas. These bananas are ours.,This is their car. This car is theirs.,练习二、单项选择。( ) 1. My uncle gave a new bike to _. A. theirsB. they C. meD. I( ) 2. This is a photo of _family. May I have one
20、 of _? A. yours; my B. my; yours C. your; my D. yours; mine( ) 3. Heres a postcard for you, Jim! Oh, _is from Mary. A. heB. it C. she D. its,B,B,C,4、Give _（她 ）a toy, please. 5、_(你们的) eyes are black. _ （你们） come from Japan.6、Tim and Bill are twins. _ （他们）are from England. Show _ （他们）around _ (我们的)sch
21、ool.,her,Your,You,They,them,our,三.反身代词,myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,themselves,herself,itself,The man is rich , he can buy _ a lot of things . A. he B. his C. himself2. - What a lovely card ! Where did you buy it? - I made it by _. A. me B. myself C. itself3. “Help _ to some chicken
22、,”my mother said to the guests. A. yourself B. yourselves C. your,few / a few & little / a little,1、,2、,当前面由only 修饰，常用 a few 或a little .,3、,a little 可表示“有点，稍微”,Although all the girls have tried their best , only _ pass the exam. A. few B. a few C. a little2. Dont worry .There is _ time left . A. lit
23、tle B. a little C. few3. You are so great! _ people in the school can do it . A. A little B. Little C. Few,不定代词的使用原则,some和 any 的用法no和none的用法all和both的用法every和each用法either和neither的用法other、the other和another的用法many和much的用法few、little、a few、a little的用法,四、指示代词this/ that/ these/ those,【辨析】one, it, that it 常
24、用来特指上下文提到的同类事物，用来指可数名词或者不可数名词，one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一份子，用于代替可数名词，that常用在比较等级中，代表前面提到的名词，以避免重复。The book is mine. It is very interesting.I have some apples. You can have one.The weather of Dalian is much wetter than that of Lanzhou.,四.指示代词, The population of Shanghai is larger than _ of Jinan. A. that B. t
25、his C. it The radios made in Beijing are as good as _ made in Qingdao. A. that B. these C. those What I want to tell you is _the film will be at eight. A. it B. this C. that,数词复习,基数词的构成,1）112, 独立成词。 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve2）13-19, 由39 + teen构成。 14fourteen 16-si
26、xteen 17-seventeen 19nineteen 特殊拼写: 13 thirteen 15-fifteen 18eighteen 3）2090, 以-ty结尾。 20twenty 30-thirty 40forty 50fifty 80-eighty 60-sixty 70-seventy 90ninety 4）2199， 两位数，十位与个位之间有 “”。 21 twentyone 55 fiftyfive 99 ninetynine5）101999，三位数，百位与十位/个位之间加and。 101 one hundred and one 840 eight hundred and f
27、orty 693 six hundred and ninety-three,14,40,50,15,17,70,90,19,18,80,60,16,序数词的构成,1) 13, first, second, third 。2) 419, 相应基数词+th, 特殊拼写:fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。3) 2090, y变成ie +th,如twentieth。4) 2199, 只把个位的基数词变成序数词 如twenty-first。5) 序数词缩写-数字最后两字母 如1st, 2nd, 3rd ,4th,5. The _ question is much more di
28、fficult than this one.,A. sixthB. sixC. sixteenD. sixty,51. There are _ months in a year.,A. twelveB. twelfC. twelvethD. twelfth,1. hundred thousand (表示具体数字) million billion2. hundreds thousands (表示概数) millions billions,三.基数词的用法,数词(several)+,+ of,some / many hundreds of,1. If a = 3, b=4, whats the a
29、nswer to the problem, a+2ab+1=? the answer is_. A. twenty eight B. twenty-eighth C. twenty-eight2. In our school several _ students are able to search the Internet . A. hunderd of B. hunderds of C. hundred,3. Many _ sheep were killed in the accident. A. thousands of B. thousand C. thousands4. There
30、are over nine _ workers in the factory, but _ of young people hope to work in it. A. hundred; hundreds B. hundreds; hundreds C. hundreds; hundred,one oclock,ten past two,half past three,twenty to five,a quarter past five,a quarter to seven,seven fifty,表示在几点钟用介词 at,四.数词的表示法 时间,1. Its already 7:40 now
31、. When will the film start? _. We still have five minutes. A. A quarter to seven B. Seven past forty-five C. A quarter to eight,(1)序数词作定语，前面要加the； The first truck is carrying a food basket John lives on the fifteenth floor She is my first English teacher.(2)有时加a/an，“再一”，“又一” 的意思Well have to do it a
32、second time Shall I ask him a third time？ When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speakThey had a second child in 1988,序数词的用法,1. In figures (数字), a million is _.,A. 10,000B. 100,000C. 1,000,000D. 100,000,000,15,分子 基数词分母 序数词,one fifth,27,分子 1分母 + s,two sevenths,14,分子 a分母 quarter,a quarter,34,three quart
33、ers,12,a half,13,three and one third,3,基数词 + and + 分数,四.数词的表示法 分数百分数,1/21/31/424/25 3/43,three fourths / three quarters,one third /a third,twenty-four twenty-fifths,three and six sevenths,one quarter /a quarter/ one fourth,a half,Can you read a fraction?,1. The accident happened on_. A. April 5, 200
34、1 B. 2001, April 5 C. April 2001, 52. I was born _. A. in March 8, 1993 B. on July 9, 1994 C. on May, 1995,冠词,不定冠词：a 、an,定冠词：the,零冠词：不用冠词,不定冠词:表示名词不特定者,定冠词:表示名词为特定者,特指:特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,泛指:是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。,不定冠词a 、an1、泛指某一类人或事物中的一个或一类。 如：An elephant is much heavier than a horse. His father is a taxi d
35、river.2、用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 I have read the books twice, but I want to read a third time.3、a / an 的区别 a 用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前，an 用在元音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前。特殊词： a usual boy ; a useful book ; a university ; a one leg dog an honest boy ; an hour ; an honor an “a , e , i , o , f, h , l , m , n , r , s , x ”,Exerc
36、iseI have _ apple. He has _orange .This is _ egg.Jim is _ honest boy and he is _ university student .4. Do you have _ computer ?5. There is _ car in front of the house. English is _ useful language. He is _ unhappy boy. My father will come back in _ hour . There is _ beautiful flower. There is _ “u”
37、 and _ “s” in the word “use” Please take _ seat and have _ rest,an an,an,an a,a,a,a,an,an,a,a an a a,定冠词 the的用法 1. 第二次提到 This is an apple. The apple is mine.2. 特指 The boy in red is my brother. 3. 用在独一无二的名词前 地球 the sun 太阳 / the moon 月亮 / the earth4. 用在最高级前 the youngest / the most beautiful 5. 用在序数词前
38、the first / the second / the third / the fourth6. 用在西洋乐器前 play the piano / the guitar 7. The +姓的复数 表示一家人 The Smiths / the Greens smith 一家 / 格林一家8. 用在方位名词前 或习惯用法 in the south / on the right / in the day / in the end,_ earth goes round _ sun.Jim is _ tallest and _ most interesting 3. _man over there i
39、s my teacher.4. There is _ orange on the table . _ orange is mine .5. I live on _ twelfth floor.6. _ Great Wall is _oldest building.7. I have _aunt . _ aunt is _ doctor.8. In this exam ,he is _ second.Jim is _ boy . He is _ American boy._Yellow River is one of _ longest rivers. Beijing is in _ north
40、 of China,The the,the the,The,anthe,the,The the,an the a,the,a an,The the the,三:零冠词的几种情况:1.不可数名词，复数名词前表泛指Horses are useful animals. 2.季节、节日、星期、三餐等之前，一般不加冠词。（除了特指某年的季节等）on Sunday; have lunch; on the spring of 2009 3. 球类、棋类、学科等名称前，一般不加冠词。 play football; play chess I like studying English。 4. 称呼、头衔、职务等
41、表示抽象性质的名词前，不加冠词。 Doctor, I am not feeling well. 5. 中国乐器前不加冠词。 play erhu; play piba 6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。 by car; by train,.冠词填空：在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词，不需用冠词处划。 1There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall 2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse 4 _ doctor told h
42、im to take _ medicine three times _ day 5Lets go out for _ walk 6Its too hotOpen _ door，please 7There is _ woman over there _ woman is Meimeis mother 8 _ sun rises in _ east 9 _ Changjiang River is _ longest river in _ China 10Are you going to do it _ second time？ 11Washington is _ capital of _ USA,
43、a,an,the,a,an,An,a,The,the,a,a,The,The,a,the,The,The,the,/,a,the,the,7、 固定搭配 at first at last at noon at home 首先 最后 在中午 在家 on foot in bed in hospital go to school 步行 躺在床上 住院 上学1. Do you like playing _ soccer ?2. I usually have _ milk for _breakfast 3. We will go to the park on _ Monday .4. My uncle
44、lives in _America now .5. Leaves turn yellow in _ autumn.6. We can go swimming on _Sunday in _summer.7. March 8th is _ Womens Day.8. His father is ill in _ hospital .,/ / / / / / / / / /,1.This is _ orange , _ orange is orange2.English is _useful language.3.My brother is _usual boy but _ honest boy.
45、4. He is holding _umbrella.5. _man in red is his father. Hes at _dinner6. Who is _ strongest and _ most friendly?7._girl over there is _ university student. 8. I have _ cat . _ cats name is Mimi.9. Monday is _ second day of a week.10 _ sun is bigger than_ moon11. I like playing _ basketball and _ pi
46、ano.12. He was born in _ May.13. I saw _ old man pass by and _old man looked sad.,an the a a an anThe / the the The a a The the The the / the / an the,形容词、副词,一.形容词的用法,二.副词的用法,三.形容词、副词比较等级,用以修饰名词，表示事物的特征的词。e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc.,什么叫形容词?,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等成分,1、形容词的用法,1. Many local people
47、in Leshan prefer to go to _ in Mount Emei for their summer holiday.,A. somewhere coldB. cold somewhereC. somewhere coolD. cool somewhere,2. Can you tell me _ about your friends?,A. something differentB. different anythingC. different something,3. I have _ to do today.,A. anything importantB. somethi
48、ng importantC. important nothingD. important something,一、形容词的用法,1、形容词+名词,2、连系动词(be, look, feel, taste, sound,smell, get, turn等)+形容词,a beautiful girl,Your mother looks happy today.,3、something，anything等不定代词 +形容词,I cant see_ (其他的东西),anything else,4、the+形容词（表示一类人或物）,The rich should help the poor,构成方法 原
49、级 比较级 最高级,一般在词尾加 -er 或 -est,以字母e结尾的，加 -r 或 -st,以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，要先双写这一字母，再加 -er 或 -est,以辅音字母加 y 结尾的，先把 y 变成 i，再加 -er 或 -est,单音节词和部分双音节词,双音节词和多音节词,在形容词、副词前加more 或 most。,tall, long,taller, longer,tallest, longest,nice, late,nicer, later,nicest, latest,big, thin,bigger, thinner,biggest, thinnest,ha
50、ppyheavy,happierheavier,happiestheaviest,beautifulcarefulexpensiveinterestingdangerous,more beautifulmore carefulmore expensivemore interestingmore dangerous,Grammar,most beautifulmost carefulmost expensivemost interestingmost dangerous,3、形容词，副词比较等级的用法,25. Damel plays chess _, if not better than, Da
