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1、Less is more?,Situation One: Your family plan to travel abroad this summer, and you are the one who makes the final decision to pick Only One country to visit. There are a few countries to choose: U.S.A. , Canada, U.K, Grace, Iceland, Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Russia, Singapore, Au
2、stralia, and New Zealand. You should make the decision within a couple of minutes due the limited time.,Situation Two: If you go to see a doctor, and he tells you about different treatments, like “Choice A is XXX, the benefits are and the risks are ; Choice B is XX, the benefits are and the risks ar
3、e ; Choice C is XXX, the benefits are and the risks are Do you think you can make the choice immediately that you will never regret?,Dr. Barry Schwartz,1. As far as choices in our daily life are concerned, have you ever been troubled with such dilemma: to keep all or to give up some?,Just as all peo
4、ple have to make decisions in their everyday lives, college students are always faced with the dilemma of making right choices. Faced with an abundance of options to choose from, they cant bear the pain to lose any opportunity and have a strong desire to keep all the options open. They try to avoid
5、such an emotional loss, and would rather pay the high cost to keep all the doors of opportunity open.,6,UNIT,Section A,2,Objectives,Less is more?,Door closer, are you?,Dan Ariely, American economist and psychologist, wrote a book in 2008 entitled Predictably Irrational(可预见的非理性): The Hidden Forces Th
6、at Shape Our Decisions. In the book he challenges readers assumptions about making decisions based on rational thought. He explains, “My goal, is to help you fundamentally rethink what makes you and the people around you tick.”,Dan Ariely?,Xiang Yu was a prominent military leader and political figur
7、e during the late Qin Dynasty. In about 207 BC, Xiang Yu led the Chu rebel forces to victory at the Battle of Julu (巨鹿之战 ) against the Qin armies. The battle marked the decline of Qins military power. They finally beat the Qin army. The Battle of Julu was of crucial importance in overthrowing the Qi
8、n dynasty, and it has been known as the battle of “Smashing the Cauldrons and Sinking the Boats” (破釜沉舟).,Xiang Yu & Battle of Julu,Introduction to,Transitional paragraph,Body:,Dr. Arielys,conclusion,the by Dr. Ariely,Paras. 1- 3,Paras. 4,Paras. 5- 9,Paras. 10- 12,Paras. 13- 14,Xiang Yus story,experi
9、ment,suggestions,Part I introduces a story of closing doors to open windows of opportunity about Xiang Yu.,Part I (Paras. 1- 3),rival,adj. only before noun a person, company, or thing that competes with another in sport, business, etc. 竞争的，对抗的n. a person, company, or thing that competes with another
10、 in sport, business, etc. 竞争对手v. to be as good, impressive, etc. as sb/sth else与相匹敌；比得上,imperial,adj. only before noun1. connected with an empire帝国的；皇帝的2. connected with the system for measuring length, weight and volume using pounds, inches, etc. （度量衡）英制的Collocations:imperial army 帝国军队imperial poli
11、cies 帝国政策imperial power 皇权,motivate,v. 1.to make sb want to do sth, especially sth that involves hard work and effort激励；激发;驱使;推动甘愿苦干；2. often passiveto be the reason why sb does sth or behaves in a particular way成为的动机；是的原因,What motivated her to leave home?,He is motivated entirely by self-interest.,
12、Translation,这个计划旨在促使员工更加卓有成效地工作。,The plan is (designed) to motivate employees to work more efficiently.,conviction,n. 1.a strong opinion or belief坚定的看法（或信念）2.the feeling or appearance of believing sth strongly and of being sure about it深信；坚信；坚定；肯定conviction that3. the act of finding sb guilty of a c
13、rime in court; the fact of having been found guilty判罪；定罪；证明有罪conviction for sth,Shes a woman of strong convictions.She had a firm conviction that she was always right.She has six previous convictions for theft.,validate,v. (formal)1. to prove that sth is true证实；确认；确证2. to make sth legally valid使生效；使
14、有法律效力3. to state officially that sth is useful and of an acceptable standard批准；确认有效；认可Collocations:to validate a theory 证实理论to validate a contract 使合同生效,conquest,n.1.sing.,Uthe act of taking control of a country, city, etc. by force征服；占领2. Can area of land taken by force占领（或征服）的地区3. C(usually humoro
15、us)a person that sb has persuaded to love them or to have sex with them（爱情方面）被俘虏的人4. Uthe act of gaining control over sth that is difficult or dangerous（对困难、危险等的）控制,Collocations:the conquest of disease 战胜疾病the conquest of nature 对自然的征服the conquest of space 对宇宙的征服The statement laid bare his ambition
16、for world conquest.,When facing choices of rival options, think about what Xiang Yu would do.,Xiang Yu ordered his troops cooking pots crushed and their sailing ships burned after taking his troops across a river to raid the enemy.,Xiang Yu explained that his decision was a necessity to attain the v
17、ictory. But his unusual decision would be validated on his battlefield and in modern social science research.,Introduction to Xiang Yus story of closing doors to open windows of opportunity,(Para. 1),(Para. 2),(Para. 3),Part II serves as a transition from the ancient story of Xiang Yu to the modern
18、story of the students at MIT.,Part II (Para. 4),enlightening,adj. tending to increase knowledge or dissipate ignorance有启迪的；使人感悟的,enlighten,v. (formal)to give sb. information so that they understand sth better启发；开导；阐明,Phrase: enlighten sb abouton sth 使(某人)领悟明白(某事),Would you enlighten me on your plans
19、 for the future?,请给我解释一下你将来的计划好吗?,Translation,behavioral(behavioural),adj. relating to the behavior of a person or animal, or to the study of their behavior 行为的；行为研究的emotional and behavioral problems,profit,v (formal)to get sth useful from a situation; to be useful to sb or give them an advantage获益；
20、得到好处；对有用（或有益） by/from sth/v.ing 得益于,Translation,She will never be a professional musician, but Im sure that she has profited from her music lessons.,她永远不会成为一名职业音乐家,然而我敢肯定她从音乐课中学到很多东西。,n. the money that you make in business or by selling things, especially after paying the costs involved 利润；收益；赢利Ther
21、e is very little profit in selling newspapers at present.,This example from ancient times leads to the experiment at MIT where Dr. Ariely teaches behavioral economics. The experiment showed that:,Transitional paragraph,(Para. 4),students couldnt bear to see their options vanish, even though it was c
22、lear they would profit from doing so.,Part III mainly focuses on the experiment conducted by Dr. Ariely. He first explains the purpose and significance of the experiment, and the process of the students losing money. Then he points out the real cause of the students irrational behavior. Finally he e
23、mphasizes that in life the doors are actually closing slowly and we dont see the future vanishing away,Part III (Paras. 5- 9),preserve,v.1.to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that sth is kept保护；维护；保留2.to prevent sth, especially food, from decaying by treating it in a particular
24、 way贮存；保鲜3.often passiveto keep sth in its original state in good condition维持的原状；保存；保养4.to keep sb/sth alive, or safe from harm or danger使继续存活；保护；保全,fluctuate,v. （大小、数量、质量等）波动；（在之间）起伏不定to change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc., especially from one extreme to another between A and BMy mood
25、seems to fluctuate from day to day.,protest,v.1.to say firmly that sth is true, especially when you have been accused of sth or when other people do not believe you坚决地表示；申辩 +that-clause2. to say or do sth to show that you disagree with or disapprove of sth, especially publicly（公开）反对；抗议 about/against
26、/at sth,Translation,Local farmers protested against building the new airport on their farm land.,当地农民抗议在他们农田上新修飞机场。,cling(clung, clung),v.1.to hold on tightly to sb/sth抓紧；紧握；紧抱 on/to sb/sth2.to stick to sth粘住；附着 to sth,He appears determined to cling to power.,Whats the experiment about? (Para.5),Wha
27、ts the rule and the winning strategy when playing the computer game? (Para.6),How did students lose money because of their irrational efforts to keep the vanishing doors open? (Para.7),Why are the corresponding costs often less obvious in life than in the experiments?(Paras.8-9),Part IV (Paras. 10-1
28、2),Part IV suggests how we can balance our lives by reducing unnecessary options.,restore,v.1.to bring back a situation or feeling that existed before恢复（某种情况或感受）2. to repair a building, work of art, piece of furniture, etc. so that it looks as good as it did originally修复；整修；使复原3. to bring a law, tra
29、dition, way of working, etc. back into use重新采用（或实施）；恢复4. (formal)to give sth that was lost or stolen back to sb归还（失物、赃款等）restore to恢复到,The operation restored his sight.Some people argue that the death penalty should be restored.,Collocations:restore to life 苏醒过来restore calm 恢复平静restore sbs eyesight
30、恢复某人的视力restore building 修复建筑物,implement,v. to make sth that has been officially decided start to happen or be used使生效；贯彻；执行；实施synonym: carry outto implement changes/decisions/policies/reformsn. a tool or an instrument, often one that is quite simple and that is used outdoors工具；器具；（常指）简单的户外用具agricult
31、ural implements,delegate,v. 1.to give part of your work, power or authority to sb in a lower position than you授（权）；把（工作、权力等）委托（给下级） sth to sb2.usually passiveto choose sb to do sth选派（某人做某事）,Translation,He plans to delegate more authority to his deputies.,他打算把更多的权力交给副手。,discard,v. to get rid of sth t
32、hat you no longer want or nee丢弃；抛弃,Imgoingtodiscardthosemagazinesifyouvefinishedreadingthem.,Translation,如果你看完了，我就把那些杂志扔了。,outward,adj. only before noun1. connected with the way people or things seem to be rather than with what is actually true表面的；外表的2. away from the centre or a particular point朝外面的
33、；向外的,Collocations:outward movement 向外的运动outward investment 对外投资outward calm 外表的平静,prejudice,n. U,C an unreasonable dislike of or preference for a person, group, custom, etc., especially when it is based on their race, religion, sex, etc.偏见,成见,歧视 (against sb/sth)v. to influence sb so that they have a
34、n unfair or unreasonable opinion about sb/sth使怀有（或形成）偏见,The prosecution lawyers have been trying to prejudice the jury against her.,In the text, what does Dr. Ariely suggest in order to balance our life? (Paras.10),prohibit overbooking,People should:,reduce options,delegate tasks to others,give away
35、 ideas to others to pursue.,What does Dr. Ariely urge to do after the experient? (Paras.11),Resign from committees,Prune holiday card lists,Rethink hobbies,Remember the lessons of door closer,Part V (Paras. 13-14),PartV concludes the essay, and meanwhile it raises the question if more is better than
36、 less .,What is the message the author wants to send out from this text? (Paras.13-14),1 下次你要在两个难于取舍的、主要的和次要的选择之间做决定时，不妨问自己这样一个问题：项羽会怎么做？2 项羽是公元前三世纪中国古代王朝的一位将军。他带领他的部队横渡漳河，突袭进入了敌方的领地。他下令砸锅烧船，令他的部队大为震惊。3 他解释道，他强加给他们的是战胜对手的必要举措。他所说的无疑十分鼓舞士气，但当他那许多忠诚的士兵眼睁睁地看着他们的船只在火焰中被焚毁时，他们并不赞成他的做法。不过项羽将军的这种砸锅焚船的做法所显示
37、出的天赋，在战场上和现代社会科学研究中都将得到肯定。项羽将军是一个罕见的不墨守成规的人，是一位经验丰富的领袖，由于他征战无数并达到了成功的顶峰，他深受尊敬。,4 丹 阿雷利极富启迪性的新书 可预见的非理性对项羽作了专题介绍。这本书对看似非理性的人类行为，譬如人类总想留住多项选择机会的倾向，进行了引人入胜的调查。大多数人都不能整理自己的思路来做痛苦的选择，麻省理工学院上阿雷利博士行为经济学这门课的学生也不例外。在调查作决策的一项实验中，几百名学生都不能忍受眼睁睁看着他们的选择机会消失，即使他们很清楚这样做对他们有利。5 实验是围绕着一个游戏展开的，这个游戏排除了我们通常不肯放手的借口。在现实世界
38、里，我们总会说：“保留我们的选择机会是对的。”想要一个好的例子吗？ 一个十多岁的女孩被足球、芭蕾舞、钢琴、中文课给累得筋疲力尽，但她的父母不会让她停止任何一项活动，理由是它们有一天可能会派上用场！,6 在这个实验里，学生要玩一个电脑游戏: 在电脑屏幕上会显示三扇门，每扇门后都会提供一些现金。 该游戏的规则是每个人都只能点击100次，你点击获取的钱越多，你就玩得越好。学生每点击一次打开一扇门，他们会用掉一个点击数，但却不会得到任何钱。然而，随后接着在那扇门上的每次点击都会挣得数额不等的钱，三扇门显示的钱总有一扇比另外两扇多。这个游戏规则的重点是虽然每次换门没有金钱回报，可还是会用掉一次点击数。
39、所以，制胜战略是要迅速查看所有的门，然后只点击那扇似乎是钱最多的门。7 在玩游戏时，学生们注意到了一个视觉上的变化：如果有片刻没点击某扇门，那扇门就会慢慢缩小并消失。由于他们已了解了游戏规则，他们本应对要消失的门不予理睬。然而，在它们消失以前，他们却迫不及待地去点击那些变小的门，试图让它们开启着。结果是，他们在匆忙回去点击那些快消失的门时浪费了很多点击数以至于最后输了钱。为什么学生对那些变小的门如此依恋呢？他们可能会争辩说，他们紧抓住这些门是为将来多留一些机会。但是，据阿雷利博士说，这不是真正的原因。,8 在他们为将来多留一些机会的借口背后反映出的是所有的学生都不堪目睹眼前的选择机会被剥夺，尽
40、管这种痛苦是临时的。阿雷利博士说：“每闭上一扇选择之门就如同经受了一次损失，人们宁愿付出很大的代价，也要避免情感的失落。” 在实验中，损失很容易用丢失的现金来衡量。在生活中，相应的损失就往往没那么明显，如浪费时间，错过机会。9 “有时候，这些门是慢慢关闭的，我们没有看到它们在悄然消失，”阿雷利博士写道：“我们可能花很多时间在工作上，却没有意识到我们子女的童年正在悄悄溜走。”,10 那么，我们可以做些什么让我们的生活恢复平衡呢？ 阿雷利博士说，一个办法是制止更多的超额预约。我们可以自己减少选择，将任务委派给其他人，甚至放弃一些点子，让其他人去做。他用婚姻作为例子：“在婚姻中，我们承诺不保留选择机
41、会，我们就创造了获得最佳选择的有利局面。我们关上可选择的门，并告诉别人我们已作出选择。”11 阿雷利博士说，自从进行了这个点击门的实验，他已经有意识地努力减轻自己的负担。他敦促我们辞去委员会的工作，删减送节日贺卡的名单，重新思考兴趣爱好，并记住像项羽那样的关门者给我们的启示。,12 换言之，他是鼓励我们放弃那些似乎只有表面价值的东西，而去追求那些能真正丰富我们生活的东西。我们很自然、很偏执地相信选择越多越好，但阿雷利博士的研究却强有力地告诉我们事实并非如此。13 我们想在生活中得到越来越多选择的代价是什么？我们能从更集中的精力和注意力中获得什么样的喜悦和满足？当然，我们每个人都会有自己的答案。14 试想一下这些重要的问题：怎么做会使我们获得更多，是不断增加选择，还是只保持少数精心挑选的选择？我们应关闭什么门，以便让机会和幸福之窗打开？,
