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1、Grammar - Past Participle,I.过去分词的形式和意义,1. 过去分词通常由动词原形加-ed构成。此外还有少数不规则形式，有的不规则动词的过去分词有两种形式。有些现代语法著作把过去分词称为-ed分词（-ed Paticiple),2. 过去分词与其它非限定词一样，都没有时的特征，所不同的是，它形式单一，没有体与语态的变化。,3. 及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。,II. 过去分词的在句中的用法,1. 过去分词（短语）表语,1.1 过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是主语的状态,All the windows
2、 are broken.All hope is gone.This article is well written.He appeared more satisfied with my work.,（1）有许多过去分词已经完全形容化了，它可以被very等副词修饰，可以有比较级等级形式，这类过去分词常见的有：amazed, bored, disappointed, disturbed, embarrassed, excited, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, tired, worr
3、ied 等。,（2）有的过去分词可以被副词well修饰，如：built, cooked, done, dressed, known, organized, prepared, written等。,（3）其它副词也可以修饰过去分词，如：deeply moved, greatly indebted, highly developed 等。,1.2 由过去分词构成的合成形容词也可以作表语,They are well-behaved and well-spoken.,1.3 过去分词作表语时，其后可以接介词短语、不定式短语及that 引导的宾语从句,He is very much opposed to
4、 your plan.The mother was pleased to hear from her son.Im satisfied that you didnt tell me a lie.,1.4 “be+过去分词” 有可能是一个系表结构，也有可能是一个被动结构，这两种结构的差别是：,（1）被动结构表动作，而系表结构表状态。（2） 被动结构之后可以接by + 动作的执行者，系表结构则不行。（3）系表结构中的过去词可以被well, very, much, quite 等副词修饰，而被动结构中过去分词则不能。（4）系表结构中的过去分词往往具有固定的介词搭配。,Why is the glass
5、 broken?By whom is the glass broken?,(系表结构）,(被动结构),It is covered with thick ice and deep snow.Your table should be covered by a white cloth.,(系表结构）,(被动结构),1.5注意: 过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别： 过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶The news is very s
6、urprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。,2. 摸底测验,The painter looked so_ (tire) after working for a whole day.I was_ (disappoint) with the film I saw l
7、ast night. I had expected it to be better.Everybody is really _(excite) about the new Olympic stadiums.His wound became_ (infect) with a new virus.,tired,disappointed,excited,infected,小试牛刀,1. 过去分词知多少,惊恐的人们预留的座位被污染的水拥挤的教室打碎的花瓶关了的门疲惫的观众,terrified /astonished peoplereserved seatspolluted watera crowded
8、 rooma broken vasea closed doorthe tired audience,III. 过去分词作定语,1. 单个过去分词作定语, 通常前置,a. 及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。,a broken cupa wounded soldieran unexpected guestthe excited crowd,b. 不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完成意义。,a grown womana retired officer,C. 合成的过去分词,a much-needed reformstate-owned enterprises,2. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后
9、置，其作用相当于定语从句。,a letter written in pencilthe book recommended by Jackthe machines produced last yearThis substance, discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.,= a letter which was written in pencil,= the book which was recommended by Jack,= the machines which were produced last year,=
10、 This substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized machine.,A,过去分词做定语：表被动，表完成。现在分词作定语：表主动，表进行。不定式作定语：表示将要发生的动作。,The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912.,区别 1,Falling leavesFallen leavesDisappointing newsDisappointed peopleExciting storyExcit
11、ed peopleTired people/ Im tiredTiring film,正在飘的落叶已经落在地上的落叶令人失望的消息感到失望的人们激动人心的故事（感到）激动的人们累了的人/我感到累了（使人觉得）无聊的电影,区别 2,Falling leaves,Fallen leaves,区别 2,Exercises:,1. We lived in the house _(我舅舅们修建的). 2. Any medicine _(服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble. 3. We spent two hours discussin
12、g the plan _ (她制定的). 4. _ (开水) 5. _ (一个破碎的茶杯) 6. three _ (受伤的士兵),built by my uncles,taken,made by her,boiled water,a broken cup,wounded soldiers,Exercises:,1. Most of the people _(被邀请参加宴会的) were famous scientists. 2. Lessons _ (易学的)are soon forgotten. * _ (易学的) lessons are soon forgotten. 3. The com
13、puter center _(开办) last week is popular with the students .,invited to the party,learned easily,opened/started,Easily-learned,Exercises,Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _D_ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. knownAs we joined the big
14、crowd, I got _ from my friends A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missedCleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to payThe Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C. , did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to
15、be first playing,A,C,C,5. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun6. The television is a _ machine. A. newly-invented B. new-invented C. newly-invent D. newly-invention7. _ English is different from _ English in many wa
16、ys. A. Spoken, written B. Speaking, written C. Spoken, writing D. Speak, write,D,A,A,8. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars9. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lo
17、wer than some store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying10. Mr Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring,D,B,A,11. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to b
18、e followed D. being followedMost of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited13. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened,B,A,D,14. This news
19、 sounds _. A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage 15. - How did Bob do in the exams this time? - well, his father seems _ with his result. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 16. - How did the audience receive the new play? - They got very _. A. excite B. excited C. exci
20、tedly D. exciting,A,C,B,17. The _ look on Miss Whites face told us that she was _ great trouble. A. worrying; in B. worried; in C. worrying; with D. worried; with18. Though _ to stop, the _ speaker kept on talking at the meeting. A. being told; exciting B. to be told; exciting C. told; excited D. te
21、lling; excited19. The autumn wind sent the _ leaves on the ground _ here and there. A. fallen; flying B. falling; to fly C. fallen; flown D. falling; flew,B,C,A,senddoing 使 成为,20. The audience, greatly _ by his speech, all voiced support for the suggestion. A. moved B. to be moved C. moving D. being
22、 moved21. The yellow River, _ to be “the mother river”, runs across China like a huge dragon. A. saying B. to say C. said D. being said22. - Who gave you this message? - A man _ himself Mr Zhang. A. called B. calling C. calls D. is called,A,C,B,23. The education system rather than the teachers _ to
23、answer for the overburden on the students. - I agree. I hope the reform being carried out in our country at present will bring about the _ result. A. are; desired B. is; desired C. are; desiring D. is; desiring24. - Shall we go swimming? - OK. Ill just go and get _. A. to change B. changed C. be cha
24、nged D. changing,B,B,get changed 换衣服,25. The door of the shop remained _, though it was ten oclock am. A. opened B. opening C. locked D. locking26. My mother was _ to see the work _ so early. A. astonishing; finished B. astonished; finishing C. astonished; finished D. astonishing;finishing27. I advi
25、se _ early, but I dont advise you _ that, since you lack much sleep. A. getting up; to do B. to get up; doing C. to get up; to do D. getting up; doing,C,C,A,过去分词作宾语补足语,过去分词常表示动作的完成、状态或动作的全过程。宾语与过去分词在逻辑上常存在着被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾补时没有被动意味，只表示动作的完成和状态。,When I returned there, I found the bag gone.We found th
26、e village greatly changed.,过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语,过去分词（短语）可以在有些动词所带的复合中作宾语补语语，宾语为过去分词（短语）的逻辑主语。过去分词（短语）作宾语补语有以下几种情况。,1. 在感观动词feel, hear 和see 之后，如：,I heard my name called.He felt himself cheated.I saw his eyes fixed on me in curiosity.,2. 在有些可跟带to 的不定式作宾语补语的动词之后，这类动词有：cant bear, hate, like, love, need, prefe
27、r, want, wish 等， 如：,I cant bear my steak overcooked, and want it underdone.,我受不了牛排做得太熟，我想要它做得嫩。,He needs his coat mended.Kate would like her room painted white.I prefer eggs boiled.We wish your work finished quickly.,3. 在有些可跟现在分词作宾语补语的动词后，这类词有：discover, find, keep, leave, show等，如：,I discovered / fou
28、nd the place deserted.The photograph showed the dog tied to a post.Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.Did you leave the doors and windows firmly fastened?,4. 在使役动词get, have 和make 后， 如：,I shall make my views known to everybody.,have 和 get 带过去分词作宾语补足语含义与带现在分词作宾语补足语时相似：have 和get 有时表示有意识的行为，作“使”解，但
29、动作的执行者不一定是句子的主语，如句（）；有时表示句子主语无意识的行为，作“经历”或“遭遇”解，如句（）；wont have表示句子的主语不允许某种情况发生，如句（）：,He had / got his car serviced.He had / got his car stolen.I wont have my son laughed at .,他（找人）检修了他的车。,他的汽车被人偷了。,我不允许我的儿子被嘲笑。,现在分词作宾语补足语,现在分词作宾补时，通常表示一个正在进行或持续的动作，宾语与宾语补足语在逻辑上存在着主谓关系，即宾补所表示的动作通常中宾语发出来的。现在分词的被动式作宾补时，
30、它仍表示一个正在进行或持续的动作，但宾语与宾补存在逻辑上的动宾关系。,I saw a boy crying there.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.I saw the child being beaten by his father.I often watched the ship being loaded.,用所给单词的正确形式填空,1 What he had said made me _ (surprise)2 My glasses are broken. Ill have to get them _. (repair)3 The doctor
31、warned him _ food after the operation. (not eat),surprised,repaired,not to eat,4 I dont want any bad words _ (say) about him behind his back.5 Please get the work _ (do) as soon as possible.6 Ill have the materials _ (send) to you next Monday morning.7 She wont have her long and beautiful hair _ (cu
32、t) short.,said,done,sent,cut,8 You should make your voice _ (hear).9 I want you to keep me _ (inform) of how things are going with you.10 The price is fine with me. How would you like it _ (pay)?11 At last I succeeded in making myself _ (understand).,heard,informed,paid,understood,Match the two part
33、s to make sentences.,1. They woke up, finding everything around changing.2. The gate remained locking and we had to wait outside.3. Youll see many problems to be settled in this way.4. The murderer was brought in, with his hands being tied behind his back.,changed,settled,locked,改错,tied,Exercises:,I
34、f you want _ immediately, you have to give us some money in advance. A. that the work be done B. the work done C. to have done the job D. the job that is done2. They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed3.
35、 You will see this product _ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising,B,A,B,install sth. in sth. 安装,4. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Altantic Ocean in five years. A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed5. If you wave your book in front of your
36、face, you can feel the air _ against your face. A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move6. Dont get your schedule _; stay with us in this class. A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change,B,B,C,非谓语动词作宾补高考题点击： 7. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (95 N) A.
37、not toB. not to doC. not to itD. do not to,A,为了避免重复，常用省略形式 to 来代替前面的动作。如：Would you like to visit our school? Yes, Id like to.有些动词后面需要用不定式作宾补，除 tell 外，常见的还有：adviseallowcauseconsider encourage forbid forceintendorder permitpersuade remind request requireurge warn ask wish want 等特别注意： hope, agree, dema
38、nd, suggest 等没有宾补。,8 Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. (95 N) A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning9 A computer does only what thinking people _. (99 上海) A. have it doB. have it done C. have done itD. having it done,使役动词 make / have / let sb. do sth. 但改为被动语态后，则应为：be made / let
39、to do。注意其它不带 to 的动词不定式的用法。,此句中的 it 指代的是 a computer，what 在从句中作 do 的宾语，表示“人们让计算机所做的事“应该用 people have a computer do 这一结构。需要注意的是 have 的几个常用结构：have sb. / sth. do ; have sb. / sth.done ; have sb. / sth. doing ; have sb. / sth. to do,B,A,过去分词作状语,过去分词（短语）作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、和伴随情况。在过去分词（短语）前可带有从属连词when, unt
40、il, if, unless, though, as, as if等。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，过去分词（短语）通常可转换为应的状语从句；在表示伴随情况时，通常可转换为一个并列的谓语成分或并列句中的一个从句。,1. 作时间状语,Told of his mothers accident, Jack immediately phoned the hospital.Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.When asked to speak, he
41、complained about the poor service.,2. 作原因状语,Covered with confusion, he refused to eat .Caught in the rain, he had a fever.,神志迷乱,3. 作条件状语,Considered from this point, the question will be of great importance.Cleared, this site would be very valuable.The house will look bigger if painted white.She will
42、 gladly come to your house if invited.,4. 作让步状语,Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.Though told to stop, he kept on walking.Even though given every opportunity, they would not cooperate with you.,5. 作方式状语,I am returning your letter as requested.He was walking with a limp as if injured.The lad star
43、ted out of bed, as if awakened from some dream.,6. 作伴随状语,Mary came out of the room, followed by her dog.A crowd rushed in, armed with sticks.He was gazing into the distance, fascinated by the beautiful evening glow.,= and (she) was followed by her dog.,使迷惑,过去分词与现在分词的区别,过去分词只有一种形式，不像现在分词那样具有语态和时态的变化形
44、式。现在分词的一般形式表示主动和进行意义，而及物云动词的过去分词表示被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示主动和完成意义。,I found them watering flowers.I found the flowers watered.,= I found that they were watering flowers.,= I found that the flowers had been watered.,falling leaves fallen leaves,= leaves which were / are falling.,=leaves which have / had f
45、allen.,(3) 两者所担任的句子成分基本相同，但过去分词不能像现在分词那样作结果状语。,(4) having been done 与done 之区别Permitted, he would have succeeded in doing that. 讨论：此句为什么不用having been permitted?本句的句意是“如果当时他被允许（做这件事）的话，他本会成功的” 过去分词做状语可以表示条件，与if + done可以互换。而现在分词中的完成被动式不可以，它只可以表示完成被动，而且只有非谓语与谓语是很鲜明的先后关系时才可以用, 如：Having been finished, his
46、 homework was sent to his teacher to be corrected. 如果非谓语与谓语是一般的先后关系的话，直接用过去分词即可。如：Guided by the guide, he found the place easily.Scolded by the teacher, he felt very depressed.,关于非谓语动词作状语时的逻辑主语,1.非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语往往 就是句子的主语. eg:. In order to pass the English examination, _. A. My father bought me a di
47、ctionary. B. I often get up early to read English. C. The important thing is to make full use of time. D. It is not enough to remember the new words. . _ from the top of the hill, the city looks so beautiful. A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen . He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A.
48、 hoped B. hoping C. hope D. to hope,2. 分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时, 可以带有自己的主语- 名词 / 代词 + 分词(独立主格结构),有时前面还可以加介词with构成复合结构.,Eg:Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow. The homework finished, the boy went home. With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.,3. 现在分词作状语其逻辑主语与句中主语不一致的常见情况:,.Gener
49、ally / Strictly / Frankly speaking , Judging from, Considering, Allowing for(考虑到), Counting(算上), Supposing(假定), Talking / Thinking of(谈到) 用过去分词的情况: Given(鉴于),Taken as a whole(总之).Eg: _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Give B. Giving C. Given
50、D. To give,被动句中,分词常与被动结构动作的执行者形成逻辑关系. The idea can be expressed using a simple sentence.,当现在分词在句中作结果状语,其逻辑主语为前面整个句子时.如: European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.,It作形式主语时,分词的逻辑主语通常是句子中所描述的主要对象. Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now
