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1、翻译基础Translation Techniques(10),Lecture 10 英语特殊句型的翻译,outline,英语否定句的翻译反译法 英译汉中的正传反 英译汉中的反转正英语被动句的汉译 九种倒装形式,1.1. Translate the following sentences:,(1) “Dont stop working,” he said.他说，“继续干活吧。”(2) He went into the insecure building.他走进那所危楼。(3)He knew he was mortally ill.他知道自己得的是不治之症。（4） 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He
2、still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) （5） Please withhold the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译） 请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）,1.2Definition,正面和反面表达主要是指在英语里是否用no, not 或者带有否定前缀如de-,dis-,im-,in-,un-,-less的词，在汉语里是否用“不”、“非”、“无”、“没有”、“未”、“否”等字。 在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的
3、并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。 riot police 防暴警察（即 anti-riot police ） crisis law 反危机法案（即 anti-crisis law ),1.3. 英译汉中的正转反：,动词The first bombs missed the target.第一批炸弹没有击中目标。Such a chance was denied me.我没有得到这样一个机会。副词We may safely say so.我们这样说错不了。A: The boy is quit
4、e clever. B: Exactly.甲：这孩子很聪明。 乙：一点不错。,He is not stupid, merely ignorant.他并不愚笨，仅仅是无知而已。It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，结果就不堪设想。The explanation is pretty thin.这个解释是相当不充实的。介词This problem is above me.这个问题我不懂。It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.
5、他无权签订这种合同。These planes were held back to protect the enemys home islands instead of being used where they were badly needed.这些飞机被留在后方保卫敌人本岛，未用于其他急需的地方。,连接词The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而绝不投降。名词This failure was the making of him.这次不成功是他成功的基础。By about six-thirt
6、y the sounds of aircraft, trucks and tanks had become quite familiar, but a series of small explosions nearby seemed cause for new anxiety.大约到六点半，大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的爆炸声似乎造成了新的不安。,短语The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。Both sides thought that th
7、e peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体面的建议。We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年青一代将不会辜负我们的信任。When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do.菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。Everyone has the right to be free
8、from hunger.人人有不挨饿的权利。,句子If it worked once, it can work twice.一次得手，再次不愁。He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.他七十五了，可是并不显老。My guess is as good as yours.我的猜测并不比你的高明。The decision has to come.决定还没有做出。Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计者们的当。,1.4. 英
9、译汉中的反转正：,（一）动词I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.一天我和他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货。The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。（二）副词He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resig
10、ned dishonorably.许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。,（三）形容词He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。（四）名词It was said that someone had sown discord among them.据说有人在他们中间搞挑拨离间。He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers b
11、usiness.他对他的父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。,（五）短语Dont lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。（六）句子The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.这些事件引起了我们的重视。Such flights couldnt long escape notice.这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。（七）双重否定T
12、here is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。,2.1 Passive Voice in the English Language,English passive voice is used to indicate an unknown subject, for
13、the purpose of emphasis, or for the sake of stylistic device.1) When the active subject is unknown or cannot be readily stated, for example: We are kept strong and well by clean air. 清洁的空气使我们身体健康。2) When the actor is known but need not be mentioned, Visitors are requested no to touch the exhibits. 观
14、众请勿触摸展品。,2.1 Passive Voice in the English Language,3) When the actor is emphasized for some special purpose, The three machines can be controlled by a single operator. 这三台机器可以由一人单独操控。 4) When the passive structure is used as a stylistic device to avoid the incoherence of structure shifting, John was
15、 a lawyers son and was destined to the bar. 约翰是律师的儿子，注定要当律师。 英语中被动语态使用范围很广。凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等等场合，往往都用被动语态。英语使用被动式，常常是为了表示某种客观、间接和非人称的口气，以迎合某些表达的需要。汉语要表达同样的口气，往往不用被动式，而是用无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。,2.2 Methods of Translating English Sentences in the passive voice,2.2.1 Converting the
16、Passive Voice into the Active 译成汉语主动句2.2.1.1 Keeping the original subject unchangedThe whole country was armed in a few days.几天内全国就武装起来了。The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been really eradicated.在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除。,2.2.1 Converting the Passive Voice into the Active 译
17、成汉语主动句,2.2.1.2 Changing original object into subjectBy the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 2.2.1.3 Changing the Passive into the predicative verb “是”The picture was painted b
18、y Professor Smith.这幅画是史密斯教授画的。The house was built of wood in 1985.这座房子是1985年用木头修建的。The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。,2.2.2 Adding a proper subject to make the Chinese Version smooth,Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。To explore t
19、he moons surface, rockets were launched again and again.为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。,2.2.3 Converting the Passive Voice into a Subjectless Sentence 译成无主语句,The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end. 必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。 Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion. 已经注意到采取防腐新措施。
20、 Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding. 用机械加工方法，特别是磨削方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。,2.2.4 Keeping the Passive Structure Unchanged 译成汉语被动句,1）Rendering into Chinese by Using “被”or “给”2）Rendering into Chinese by Using “遭”or “受”3）Rendering into Chinese by Using “为所”,1）Rendering i
21、nto Chinese by Using “被”or “给”,If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately. 如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即动工。 At the end of the mouth he was fired for incompetence. 月底，他因不胜任工作而被解雇了。 Any minute we could surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield. 我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。,
22、2）Rendering into Chinese by Using “遭”or “受”,Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. 我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。 He was set upon by two masked men. 他遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。 Everyone was fed up with her gossip. 人人都受够了她的流言飞语。,3）Rendering into Chinese by Using “为所”,Such conduct will be looked down
23、 upon by all with a sense of decency. 这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。 As soon as all the facts have been found out, we can begin to formulate a theory. 一旦所有的事实为人们所发现，理论即可形成。 All the buildings were destroyed in a big fire. 所有的建筑物均为一场大火所焚毁。,Translation of Passive Sentence Patterns 常用被动句型的翻译,以it 作为形式主语的英语句子，又称非人称被动
24、式 Impersonal Passive Voice）在译文中常要改成主动形式，有时不加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”等。,不加主语时：,It is hoped that 希望It is reported that 据报It is said that 据说It is supposed that 据推测It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说It must be admitted that 必须承认It must be pointed out that 必须指出It will be
25、seen from this that 由此可见,可加主语的：,It is asserted that 有人主张It is believed that 有人相信It is generally considered that 大家认为It is well known that 众所周知It will be said that 有人会说It was told that 有人曾说,The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures 被动语态用其他手段代替,The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers. 这个
26、村子里住着大约13000农民。 Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter. 大多数树木冬天要落叶。 She was delivered of a boy. 她生了一个男孩。 She did not wish to be troubled. 她不愿找麻烦。,The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures 被动语态用其他手段代替,The news was passed on by word of mouth. 众口相传，消息不胫而走。 He was told that two of them seemed u
27、nlikely to make the grade. 他已得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。 She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet. 她和丈夫应邀赴宴去了。 He has been wedded to translation. 他与翻译结下不解之缘。,III. Nine Types of Inversion in English Language 九类词序倒装现象,1. Interrogative inversion 疑问倒装What did you do yesterday? 你昨天干什么来着？2. Imperative
28、 inversion 命令倒装Speak you, said Mr. Black, Speak you, good fellow！“ 布莱克先生叫道：“说，说吧！伙计！”3. Exclamatory Inversion 惊叹倒装 How dreadful is this place！ 这地方好可怕啊！4. Hypothetical inversion 假设倒装 Had you come yesterday，you could have seen him here. 要是你昨天来了，你就会在这里看到他的。,Nine Types of Inversion in English Language,5
29、. Balance inversion 平衡倒装Through a gap came an elaborately described ray. 从一个空洞透出一束精心描绘的光线。6. Link inversion 衔接倒装On this depends the whole argument. 整个争论都以此为论据。7. Signpost inversion 点题倒装By strategy is meant something wider. 战略的意义比较广。8. Negative inversion 否定倒装 Not a word did he say. 他只字未说。9. Metrical inversion 韵律倒装As pants the hart for cooling streams.（As the hart pants for cooling streams.）像公鹿渴望清凉的小溪一样。,
