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1、Advanced English (1),陈 倩,For Sept.12, 2014:,1. course explain & course requirement2. paraphrase3. figures of speech,For this course, you are supposed to:,learn new words and expressions;learn to analyse grammatically complicated sentences;learn to identify different figures of speech;learn to paraph
2、rase;learn to summarize;learn to query.,Class management:,6-8 periods of class are alloted to each unit;For every two or four periods, there will be assignment for you; throughout the semester each student will be named at least twice to present his/her preparation for the assignment on stage. And h
3、is/her performance will be assessed and counted into the final score.,Assignment can be:,exercises (review check)text recitationwords and expressions dictationpresentation of your homework (over a topic, a question, etc.),Paraphrase,What is a “paraphrase”?“the re-expression of sth written or said in
4、 different words, esp. words that are easier to understand” Longmans Dictionary of Contemporary English,It would therefore be inadvisable to:,stick to the original structure and change only a word or two;keep the implied meaning under surface;remain a figure of speech in the paraphrase;make the para
5、phrase even more obscure than the original.,How do we paraphrase?Now take a look at:,The original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear
6、 as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.,Version 1:Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only 1
7、0% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted mateiral. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.Version 2: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually or
8、iginates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded word by word.,Figures of speech,Words are either literal or figurative,Literal 原意Words used in their original meanings are used literally. Figurative 比喻义Words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparison
9、s or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figuratively.,colourful,In “a colourful garden” in “a colourful life” or “a colourful career”,The most common figures of speech,Simile 直喻Metaphor 暗喻,Whats the difference?,“He ran quickly down the street.”“He ran like a hare down the
10、street.” “He hared down the street.”,Simile,Simile is a figure of speech in which two quite different things are compared as they seem similar in a way. This kind of comparison is normally introduced by “like” or “as”. Summarize it:A way of describing something by comparing it with sth else using “a
11、s” or “like”E.g. He looks very much like his brother. He runs like a rabbit.,Metaphor,A figure of speech which consists in substituting for the name of a thing the name of an attribute（ 属性）of it or of something closely related.The term is often loosely defined as “an implied comparison”, “a simile w
12、ithout like or as”. E.g. Life is a yo-yo. Its a series of ups and downs. The town was stormed after a long siege.,Personification,This involves turning an object either inanimate（无生命的）or natural into a human or animal form, with human or animal actions and feelings.,Metonymy借代,The substitution of a
13、noun for another closely associated noun. The substituted noun derives（获得 ） its meaning in the context it is used by the association produced in the readers mind.,Example of metonymy,In contemporary English when we speak of a statement from the “White House” we understand that this is not talking ab
14、out the building, but an official communication with the authority of the President of the United States who lives in the White House. The pen is mightier（强而有力的） than the sword.Gray hairs should be respected.,Synecdoche（提喻 ： 是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。),A figure by which a more
15、comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice vers; as whole for part or part for whole, genus（类，种；属） for species or species for genus, etc.Note: Synecdoche can easily be mistaken for metonymy.,Example of synedoche,If I had some wheels, Id put on my best threads and ask for Janes hand
16、in marriage. The army included two hundred horse and three hundred foot. It is sure hard to earn a dollar these days.,Comparison between synecdoche & metonymy:,You cant fight city hall. This land belongs to the crown. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread . . . . -Genesis 3:19 Summary:Metony
17、my is another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche (and, in fact, some rhetoricians do not distinguish between the two), in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared.,Hyperbole夸张,Hyperb
18、ole is a figure of speech which contains a deliberate exaggerationthis is when writers go over the top with their use of language, suggesting that something is the strongest, the best, the greatest, which of course distorts the truth.,Understatement含蓄陈述(Litotes),The opposite of hyperboleStating an i
19、dea in words that are less strong than anticipated. to make something appear smaller or less important than it really is. it gains its particular effect by phrasing in the negative what it wishes to say positively.E.g. This is not at all unpleasant.,Euphemism委婉语,Words or phrases that substitute an a
20、greeable or inoffensive term for a more direct one that might embarrass or suggest something unpleasant Profane(非宗教的;世俗的;亵渎) words and expressions are generally taken from the following areas: religion, toilets, sex, and death, etc. E.g. Pass away; remains; visiting the necessary,Irony,Stating one t
21、hing while meaning the exact opposite. or the person could be trying to be rude, even though the words used are seemingly polite etc.,Example of irony,Your friend turns up in ripped（撕裂的） jeans. With a smirk（傻笑；假笑）, you say, I see you have put on your best clothes!,Sarcasm,Sarcasm is a form of wit th
22、at is marked by the use of sarcastic language and is intended to make its victim the butt of contempt or ridicule. It is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting(奚落) and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.,Example of sarcasm,La
23、ws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps（黄蜂） break through. Id insult you, but youre not bright enough to notice.,Antithesis（对比;对句）,A direct contrast in which two sets of figures are set in opposition to one another. In true antithesis the opposition between the elements is ma
24、nifested through parallel gramatical structure.E.g. To err is human, to forgive divine.A friend exaggerates a mans virtues, an enemy his crimes.Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person. (Mark Twain),Parallelism（排比）,Parallelism re
25、fers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or similar grammatical structures. It helps make a sentence brief, smooth and coherent and give it rhythm, balance and force.,Example of parallelism,To have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for
26、poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death do us part.,Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）,Ancient Greek : Oxus = sharp Moros = dull Oxymoron = a sharp dullness or a foolish wise. .a self contradicting phrase.,oxymoron,A paradoxical expression, in its superficial or literal meaning self-contr
27、adictory or absurd, but involving a point.,Example of oxymoron,Half nakedFinal draftAlmost perfectOpen secretWorking holidayMinor crisisAct naturallyOnly choice,Pun(双关语；俏皮话),A play on wordsthe humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such
28、a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words. E.g. What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still.I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.,Paradox,A statement that appears to be logically contradictory and yet may be true, the purpose of which is
29、to provoke fresh thought.,Examples of paradox:,Child is the father of man.The swiftest traveler is he that goes afoot. Some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again.War is peace.“ Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. (George Orwell, 1984),Rhetorical Question,A question nei
30、ther requiring nor intended to produce a reply but asked for emphasis. The assumption is that only one answer is possible.E.g. If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?,Climax,Arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance.E.g. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallow
31、ed, and some few to be chewed and digested.,Anti-climax,The sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated (serious) ideas. It is always comic in effect.E.g. The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.,Transferred epithet:,The t
32、ransference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate.用来修饰人的分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物上，这种分词在形式上虽然不直接修饰人，但所修饰的事物仍与人直接相关。,Examples of transferred epithet:,Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to cause Pettit sleepless nights.Those purposeless days of unemployment gave him a lot of
33、 time to reflect.,Clich（陈词滥调，老生常谈）,A clich is a hackneyed（陈腐的；平庸的）phrase or expression. The phrase may once have been fresh or striking（显著突出的）, but it has become tired through over-use.,Example of clich,No pain, no gainEvery coin has two sides,Figures of sound,Some figures of speech are chosen becau
34、se of the sound they make.Some poets or prose writers often choose a word to echo the meaning,Alliteration（押头韵）,Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds（辅音字母） E.g. So dim,so dark,so dense,so dull,so damp,so dank,so dead.,Assonance（半谐音，押韵）,The use of the same, or related, vowel sounds in successive words; does not have to rhymeE.g. A deep green stream,Onomatopoeia（拟声；声喻法）,Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech inwhich the sound of a word echoes thething it describes. E.g. Hiss（嘘声）Cuckoo（杜鹃叫） buzz（嗡嗡声）Beep（嘟嘟响） ding-dong（门铃声；争吵） bang（发巨响；重击）,
