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1、Figures of Speech,英语修辞,Figures of speech(修辞)are ways of making our language figurative.When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea,to heighten effect,or to create suggestive imagery,we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.,Common forms of figur
2、es of speech,1.simile 2.metaphor3.personification 4.metonymy5.synecdoche 6.irony7.epigram(paradox)8.repetition9.antithesis 10.parallelism11.euphemism 12.transferred epithet13.oxymoron 14.alliteration15.hyperbole 16.litotes17.anti-climax 18.assonance19.periodic sentence 20.rhetorical question21.onoma
3、topoeia 22.pun23.antonomasia 24.analogy,1.Simile(明喻),a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common1.用likeThe water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephants skin.Her eyes were jet black,and her hair was like a waterfall.,2、用as表示Every tree and every bran
4、ch was encrusted with bright and delicate hoarfrost,white and pure,as snow,delicate and defined as carved ivory.His face was as grey as ashes.As the lion is king of beasts,so is the eagle king of birds.3、用what表示 What light is to the eye knowledge is to the mind.Reading is to the mind what exercise i
5、s to the body.Judicious praise is to the children what the sun is to flowers.,2.Metaphor(暗喻),a comparison between two unlike things,but the comparison is implied rather than statedSnow clothes the ground.The ship ploughed the sea.All the world is a stage,and all the men and women merely players.The
6、boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.He swam bravely against the tide of popular applause.main artery of transportation in the young nations heart,3.Personification(拟人),a figure that endows objects,animals,ideas,or abstractions with human form,character,or sensibility Life dealt him pro
7、found personal tragedies.the river had acquainted him with.to literatures enduring gratitude.Bitterness fed on the man.America laughed with him.The Middle Easter bazaar takes you.The window winked at me.dancing flashes,4.Metonymy(换喻)(借代）,a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thin
8、g for that of something else with which it is associated In Japan there is an incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.She was a girl who excited the emotions,but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.heart:feelings and emotionshead,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reason,Metonymy can b
9、e derived from various sources:,a.Names of personsUncle Sam:the USAb.Animalsthe bear:the Soviet Unionthe dragon:the Chinese(a fight between the bear and the dragon)c.Parts of the bodyheart:feelings and emotionshead,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasonShe was a girl who excited the emotions,but I was not
10、 one to let my heart rule my head.grey hair:old age,d.Profession:the press:newspapers,reporters etc.He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.the bar:the legal professione.location of government,business etc.Downing Street:the British Governmentthe White House:the US president and his go
11、vernmentthe Capitol Hill:US CongressWall Street:US financial circlesHollywood:American filmmaking industry,Lets go to bed now.(bed-sleeping)What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.(cradle-birth,grave-death)His pen would prove mightier than his pickax.,5.Synecdoche(提喻),with part represe
12、nting the whole or vise versaTwo heads are better than one.Many hands make light work.The football match was a close contest.In the end,China won.The world knows his worth.The city posted a sign,which turned out to be very controversial.,6.Irony(反语),a figure of speech in which the meaning literally
13、expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule,humour or sarcasmHiroshima-the Liveliest City in JapanEach day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly carescongratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought memarching backwards to the glorious ag
14、e of the 16th century,7.Epigram(paradox)(警句)(隽语）,a brief,pointed saying that has the nature of a proverbThe best epigrams are those in which there is an apparent contradiction between the intended meaning and the form of the expression.Like antithesis,epigram is based on contrast.Business is busines
15、s.(Friendship is friendship.),Home is home,be it ever so homely.(East or West,home is best.)A little learning is a dangerous thing.Ignorance is the curse of God,knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.The day has eyes,the night has ears.A snow year,a rich year.Words are women,deeds are men.One
16、 has to be cruel to be kind.War is peace.Freedom is slavery.Ignorance is strength.More haste,less speed.,How young are the old?The child is father of the man.(Wordsworth)A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.The more you give,the more you have.多施多得。A man who is full of himself is empty.(Donne)
17、,8.Repetition(重复),We have but one aim and one single purposenothing will turn us-nothingWe will never parley,we will never negotiate.This is our policy and this is our declarationas we shall faithfully and steadfastly,9.Antithesis(对偶),the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balan
18、ced structural forms to achieve emphasisMany are called,but few are chosen.Speech is silver;silence is golden.Man proposes,God disposes.Deeds show what we are,words,what we should be.between what people claim to be and what they really are.a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever
19、,10.Parallelism(排比),use of parallel parts of relevant meanings and similar structures to emphasize or render depth to the narrationThe past,with its crimes,its follies,and its tragedies.I see,.I see.the return of the bread-winner,of their champion,of their protectorWe shall fight him by land,we shal
20、l fight him by sea,we shall fight him in the air,11.Euphemism(委婉语),the substitution of an agreeable or in-offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth unpleasantHe was sentenced to prison-He is now living at the governments expenses.He commented with a crushing sense of despair on men
21、s final release from earthly struggle.The boy is a bit slow for his age.,12.Transferred epithet(移就),an adjective used to limit a noun which it cannot logically modifyI spent sleepless nights on my project.The U.S.has now set up a loneliness industry.Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm rou
22、nd my shoulder as He made himself a profoundly bad cup of tea.Instantly from the dark holes all round,there was a frenzied rush of Jews.,13.Oxymoron(矛盾修辞),formed by conjoining of two contrasting terms Malone called my conviction a victorious defeat.bitter sweet memories proud humility orderly chaos
23、a damned saint,cruel kindness害人不浅的仁慈（残忍的仁慈）laborious idleness令人腻烦的闲散（辛苦的闲散）painful pleasure悲喜交集（痛苦的喜悦）,The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.She is a clever fool.He is a cheerful pessimist.He was puzzled at her cruel kindness.,It(New York)has the poorest millionaires,the littles
24、t great men,the haughtiest beggars,the plainest beauties,the lowest skyscrapers,the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.(O.Henry:The Duel)心灵最空虚的百万富翁（最贫困的百万富翁）人格最渺小的伟人（最矮小的伟人）最目空一切的草包（最目空一切的乞丐）最使人瞧不上眼的美女（最普通的美女）最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼（最低矮的摩天大楼）最令人悲哀的娱乐（最令人悲哀的欢乐）,14.Alliterationor front rhyme(首字母押韵),the re
25、petition of an initial sound that is usu.a consonant in two or more neighbouring wordsslip to a stoptested and treated.the slow,sleepy,sluggish-brained sloth stayed at homeSpeech is silver;silence is golden.,15.Hyperbole(夸张),a device of comparison using exaggeration or obvious overstatement for comi
26、c or dramatic effect.takes you.hundreds even thousands of yearsinnumerable lampsincredibly youngwith the dust of centuries:.cruise through eternal boyhood and.endless summer of freedom.The cast of characters-a cosmos.,The bag weighed a ton.You cannot carry it with you.They murdered us at the negotia
27、ting session.I have a sea of sentiments and a world of words to speak to him,but fail to tell them with my poor pen.,16.Litotesor rhetorical understatement(含蓄表达),the opposite of hyperbole,which contains an understatement for emphasis,frequently with a negative assertion,often used with ironical inte
28、ntionsI shant be sorry when its over.(I shall be very glad)Its no laughing matter.(Its very serious.)He is no mean scholar.(Hes a good scholar.)We are not unprepared for the war.,17.anti-climax(突降法),the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensi
29、ons.This device is usu.aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.a town known throughout the world for its-oystersThe duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.,18.Assonance(押尾韵),the use of the same or related,vowel sounds in successive words clanking,heel-clicking,cowing an
30、d tying.plodding on like crawling locusts,.smarting from many a British whipping.easier and safer preywhen bigots lighted faggots to burn.,19.periodic sentence(掉尾句)(圆周句）,to leave the most important part at the end of the sentence so as to keep the audience in suspense It is a truth universally ackno
31、wledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife.When I awoke on.invasion of Russia.If Hitler imagines that.woefully mistaken.Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid.Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.,20.Rhetorical question(修辞问
32、句),a question that needs no answer,but used for emphasisWas I not at the scene of the crime?but can you doubt what our policy will be?,21.Onomatopoeia(拟声词),words imitating the sounds associated with the thing concernedThe patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.The hinge of the door nee
33、ds oiling,it creaks every time it is opened.The ticking of the clock was the only sound that greeted him,for not a soul remained.with its clanking,heel-clicking,dandified Prussian officers,I am hungry,my stomach is rumbling.,22.Pun(双关语),a play on words,or rather a play on the form and meaning of wor
34、dsDarwin is right-inside.Seven days without water makes one weak.A:Why are parliamentary reports called“Blue Books”?B:Because they are never red(read).A:What is the most contradictory sign seen in the library?B:To speak aloud is not allowed(aloud).,23.Antonomasia换称,与借代、典故相似，但它所使用的专用名词却常涉及历史上或文学作品中的著
35、名人物与事件。1.用专名词代替普通名词(1)Soloman,Zhu geliang-a wise man(2)Judas-a traitor(3)Uncle Tom-a Negro who compromises and conforms with the Whites(4)Jim Grow-black people(5)Romeo-love 情郎,It may be called the West Lake of our province.Im sure he is our future Newton.A Daniel has come to judgement.(Daniel为正直的法官，
36、圣经中希伯来的预言家。）He is our Gorky.He is our national hero!玛克西姆高尔基(英译Maksim Gorky),The latter-day Aladdin,still snugly abed,then presses a button on a bedside box and issues2.用普通名词代替专名词Beefeater 吃牛肉者（代替英国皇家卫兵）Father of lies 谎言之父（代替魔鬼撒旦）Garden of England 英格兰的花园（代替英国肯特郡）,24.Analogy 类比,借助一些共同的相似之点来作平行的比较，比明喻与
37、隐喻的着眼点更广阔。常用连接词语“as so”.Analogy is favoured by scientists in their writing,since it helps them to explain,convince,and get across their point to the reader.Analogy makes difficult things easy to understand by the use of objects or acts that are quite familiar to the reader as the basis of comparison
38、.Analogy is also used in literary prose writing.,Ships in the Desert(unit 3)A useful system comes from the military,local(skirmishes),regional(battles),strategic(conflicts)Environmental threats can be considered in the same way:,The body is a unit,though it is made up of many parts;and though all its parts are many,they form one body.So it is with Christ.People say that when the first successful balloon flight took place,Benjamin Franklin was asked:“What good was such an invention?”He answered,“What good is a new born baby?”,
