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1、Culture Differences (English vs Chinese) Translation Strategies,中西文化差异与翻译策略,culture differences,1. How many winter days have I seen him, standing bluenosed in the snow and east wind!” (Charles Dickens David Copperfield)2. “But winds changing round”, said the man, “look at the smoke of that tug easte
2、rly well have blue sky and red noses tomorrow.”,translate,Shelley Ode to the West Wind“古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 ”( 马致远天净沙 秋思 )“醉乡中，东风唤醒梨花梦” 马致远“咸阳古道音尘绝，音尘绝，西风残照，汉家陵阙。 ”( 李白忆秦娥 ),culture differences,Culture difference caused by Geographical environmentsMore examples:,挥金如土 牛饮班门弄斧小地方中的大人物或矮个子中的高个子 ,Chinese,
3、spend money like waterdrink like fishto teach a fish to swima big fish in a small pond all at seahang in the windthree sheets in the windall hands to the pumpsin the same boat,English,culture differences,Translate the phrases：,力大如牛吹牛老黄牛趾高气昂并驾齐驱,Chinese,as strong as a horsetalk horse a willing horse
4、get on ones high horse horse and horse,English,culture differences,Culture difference caused by Folk customsMore examples:,胆小如鼠鼠目寸光 鸡皮疙瘩 蛛丝马迹 像猴子一样聪明 拦路虎 拍马屁 棋逢对手,Chinese,as timid as a rabbit as blind as a bat goose flesh something fishy as wise as an owl a lion in the way lick ones boots Diamond cu
5、ts diamond,English,culture differences,Culture difference caused by Folk customsMore examples:,风烛残年 雨后春笋 易如反掌小菜一碟幸运儿一箭双雕山中无老虎，猴子称大王。,Chinese,have one foot in the graveto grow like mushroomsas easy as A B Ca piece of cakea lucky dogTo kill two birds with one stoneIn the land of the blind,the one-eyed
6、 man is the king,English,culture differences,1. Nobody could be too foolish this day. 2. It is impossible to overestimate the value of the invention.,Translate these:,1.今天, 无论你怎样出洋相, 都不算过分. 2.这项发明的价值无论怎样估计也不会太高.,Translation：,culture differences,WesternersPreferring abstractness（抽象思维）Thinking in line
7、ar way（直线思维）Frequently using complicated sentencesDifferentiating subject and object strictlyHypotaxis (形合）,summary,Culture differences caused by Thinking ways,ChinesePreferring imagination （形象思维）Thinking in circular way （曲线思维）Perferring simple sentencesImplicit subject and objectParataxis (意合),cult
8、ure differences,imagination vs abstractness 胸有成竹 开门见山 桃李满天下 锅碗瓢盆Translation：to have a well-thought-out plan to have a ready plan in mind;to come straight to the point; Ones pupils or disciples are all overthe world;cooking utensils,examples,Culture differences caused by Thinking ways,culture differe
9、nces,linear way vs circular way e.g. Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.Translation：渴望爱、寻求知识和对人类苦难的深切同情，这是支配我的生活的三种简单而无比强烈的情感。,examples,Culture differences caused by Thin
10、king ways,culture differences,complicated sentences vs simple sentences e.g. Translation is an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation.Translation：翻译是一门艺术，它识优辨劣，是一种创造性的、凭直觉的，有时是闪烁灵感的翻译。,examples,C
11、ulture differences caused by Thinking ways,culture differences,dealing with the relationship between subject and object (处理主客体的关系) e.g. 1. It has long been maintained that it was only during his Harvard graduate years that Eliot developed his interest in primitive cultures. 2. 近年来热情的读者纷纷致函各地方报纸，对北京的
12、城市建设提出了种种建议。,examples,Culture differences caused by Thinking ways,人们长期以来坚持认为，艾略特对原始文化的兴趣是他在哈佛读研究生的岁月里培养起来的。,2. In recent years local newspapers have been sprinkled with passionate letters advising various suggestions on the urban construction of Beijing.,culture differences,hypotaxis （形合） vs paratax
13、is （意合）e.g. 1. I cant trust him, because he is not honest. 2. The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away. 3. If you are dead, I will be a monk.Translation：1.他不老实，我不能信任他。2.跑了和尚，跑不了庙。 3.你死了， 我就做和尚。（红楼梦）,examples,Culture differences caused by Thinking ways,culture differences,hypotaxis （形合）
14、 vs parataxis （意合）e.g. 4. It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peace time fall. Translation：,examples,Culture differences caused by Thinking ways,那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，对于那些在和平时期的秋天树叶再度转黄之
15、前将要失去青春、有的要失去生命的人们是一个动人的送别。,那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，动人的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到站后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的失去了生命。,culture differences,translate the follows:,谋事在人，成事在天。犹大之吻(口蜜腹剑)唯一致命的弱点(希腊神话) 比喻被人当作工具来使用，或受人愚弄的人，不能翻译成猫的爪子(伊索寓言) 进退维谷(荷马史诗) 潘多拉的盒子，指无穷的灾难,Chinese,Man proposes,God disposes.a Judas kissAchilles heel
16、cats paw between Scylla and CharybdisPandoras box,English,culture differences,1. The re is more of Sampson than of Solomon in him 2. Cast Pearls before Swine 3. You are just a doubting Thomas. You won t believe what I tell you. 4. Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay being
17、s begin to breathe. Translation: 1.他四肢发达,头脑简单。 2.对牛弹琴 3.你这个人真多疑, 我说什么你都不信。 4.老师是创造的见证人, 目睹生命呼吸成长。,examples,Culture differences caused by Religious beliefs and historical allusions,1,2,3,4,geographical environments,folk customs,thinking ways,religious beliefs and historical allusion,Culuture Differen
18、ces,summary,How to deal with culture elements in English-Chinese translation processes?,Translation strategies,以目的语文化为归宿(target language culture oriented)。一般做法是抓住原文语用意义,从目的语中选取与原文语用意义相同的表达来翻译。是语言形式上或者语言形式所负载的文化内涵倾向于目的语的翻译策略。总的说来,就是反对引入新的表达法,使语言本土化。其长处就是能使译文读上去或听上去更通顺地道,能给读者带来一种亲切感。,Domestication (归化
19、),以源语文化为归宿(source language culture oriented ),提倡译文应尽量去适应、遵从源语文化及原作者的遣词用句习惯，保留源语的异国情调。也就是不改变原文的文化、语言、文体等特征传达原文的内容，要求读者向作者靠拢，适应原文。,Foreignization (异化),domesticating method,异化策略(foreignzing method),Domesticating strategies(归化策略),意译法（liberalfree translation）当原语中带有文化色彩的词语在译语中没有完全相对应的词语,且用异化策略中诸法均译不通时,译者可
20、不拘泥于原语的语言形式和字面意义,用跨文化的“对等”词来表达出原语的文化信息。e.g. Mr. Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him he was in a brown study. I hope he will soon be in the pink again.,意译法,布朗先生是个非常忠实可靠的人。那天,他脸上颇有病容。近来他闷闷不乐,我看到他时他在沉思之中。希望他早日恢复健康。,Domest
21、icating strategies(归化策略),替代法(alternative) 将原语中带有文化色彩的词语(物象)转换成译语中带有同等文化色彩的词语(物象)。这种用法多用于习语和比喻性词语的翻译。 four Asian tigers， as strong as a horse 亚洲四小龙，力大如牛,替代法,Foreignzing strategies（异化策略）,直译法（literal translation）用译语中的“对应”词译出原语中文化信息。这个“对应”词的语义及社会语用价值必须与原文的一致,这样译语才能与原语做到语言意义和文化意义上的等值,并尽可能多的保留原语文化特征,开阔译语读
22、者的文化视野,促进两种文化间的交流。e.g. I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.(Winston S. Churchill , Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R.) 我看到俄国士兵站立于国门，守卫着他们祖先自古以来耕种的土地。,直译法,Foreignzing strategies（异化策略）,移
23、植法(transplantation)当源语所负载的文化信息在目的语中根本就没有与之相关的内容。这时，我们便可用异化手法将源语中的信息以近乎保持其本来面目的方式传入目的语中。这种方法不仅赋予译语全新的语言成分和新颖别致的表达形式，而且有利于两种异质文化和语言的相互交流和渗透，推进它们的相互融合。这既能保存原语文化的异国情调，又可以吸收外来语，丰富译语语言文化，使两种语言文化能够相互兼容、相互影响及相互促进从而达到相济相调，相得益彰的积极效果。如：,移植法,Foreignzing strategies（异化策略）,移植法(transplantation)Solomon（所罗门）一词在20世纪80
24、年代初方平、王科一的十日谈译本中还作了脚注：“古代有名的聪明皇帝”（第六日故事八）。现在翻译时若再碰到，恐怕没有再作脚注的必要。因为“所罗门”作为智者的代称，大多数中国读者已是耳熟能详了。当中国人了解到“wash hands”在英文里是表示上厕所的委婉语后，“洗手间”一词随即进入大众词汇。诸如此类的词还有“卡拉OK”（karaoke）、“嬉皮士”（hippie）、“丁克家庭”（dinks）等。,移植法,Foreignzing strategies（异化策略）,音译法 （transliteration）音译法常常用于英、汉语的人名和地名，但一些有特定文化意义的词汇也需要如此处理。如下列词汇：“L
25、itchi”(荔枝),“ kowtow”(磕头),“wonton”(馄饨),“toufu”(豆腐),“Kongfu”(功夫)等等。“逻辑”(logic)，“引擎”(engine),“马达”(Motor)，“巧克力”(Chocolate)，“高尔夫”(Golf)， “香槟”(champagne)等已经成为汉语词汇的一部分。,音译法,Foreignzing strategies（异化策略）,译注法(annotation)原文中的一些历史事件、人物、典故等往往带有一定的文化色彩。译者可先直译，然后在此基础上采用增词和加注等方法予以解释或说明文化背景。这样既可以保留原文的文化色彩，也有利于读者对原文的
26、理解。 e.g.Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.（俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有）,译注法,Foreignzing strategies（异化策略）,红楼梦第三十四回中,有这么一段话:“难道这也是个痴丫头,又像颦儿来葬花不成?”因又笑道:“若真也葬花,可谓东施效颦了;不但不为新奇,而是更是可厌。“Can this be some silly maid come here to bury flowers like Frowner !”He wondered. This reminde
27、d him of Zhuangzis story of the beautiful Xi -shis ugly neighbor , whose endeavors to imitate the little frown that made Xi -shi captivating produced an aspect to hideous that people ran from her in terror. The recollection of it made him smile. “This is imitating Frowner with a vengeance”, he thoug
28、ht,“if that is really what she is doing. Not merely unoriginal,but down -right disgusting !”,译注法,Foreignzing strategies（异化策略）,心较比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分。译: She looked more sensitive than Pi Kan , more delicate than His Shih.注:A prince noted for his great intelligence at the end of the Shang Dynasty.A famous be
29、auty of the ancient Kingdom of Yueh.,译注法,以源语文化为归宿的方法即异化法,能把一种文化及语言中心信息以几乎保持其本来面目的方式贡献给另一种文化和语言,丰富了源语言和目标语言的文化内涵,也促进了不同国家和民族的人们的相互理解和交流。,异化？归化？,在文化交流中我们提倡文化多元论，因为任何一种文化都有其存在的历史原因和合理依据，在翻译中我们就应该以文化平等为指导，要通过翻译来加快文化的交流，要充分发挥翻译维护并促进文化多元发展的作用。而作为翻译手段的归化和异化的取舍，就应该在我们具体的翻译实践中哪一种更能促进文化交流为选择标准。两者的关系决不是矛与盾的关系，而是各有所长，相互弥补。,How to deal with cultural elements in translation processes?,意译法（free translation）,替代法 （alternative ）,直译法 （literal translation）,移植法 （transplantation）,音译法 （transliteration）,译注法 （annotation）,
