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1、Unit 7 Bonds of Love,Unit 7 Bonds of Love,Encore,Learning Objectives,Literary Elements,Critical Thinking,Reading Strategies,Intercultural Competence,Learning ObjectivesLiterary El,Literary ElementsReading Strategies,Vernacular styleInternal conflictCharacterization through dialogue,Learning Objectiv
2、es,Read between the linesAnalyze the tone of the speakers in the storyIdentify the moments of emotional and psychological crisis,Literary ElementsVernacular st,Critical Thinking,Learning Objectives,Make inferences about the emotional state of the charactersAnalyze relationships among characters and
3、their situationsAnalyze and interpret the gestures and behavior of the characters through empathetic reasoning,Understand common themes of love in different culturesRecognize generational differences across culturesInterpret family problems from different cultural perspectives,Intercultural Competen
4、ce,Critical Thinking Learning Obj,Lead in,The German poet Schiller says, “It is not flesh and blood but the heart which makes us fathers and sons.” For the Russian novelist Tolstoy, “Happy families resemble one another, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” No matter what troubles and diff
5、iculties a family has to go through, it is best for family members to open their hearts to each other at all times. Understanding and communication are crucial among,Lead inThe German poet Schille,Lead in,family members, because the love and care from those closest to us may also be most easily take
6、n for granted. Sometimes it is easier to blame those who love us most for things that go wrong even though they are the ones who really have our well-being at heart.In Text A, we hear a mother and her son asking a lot of questions and giving answers to each other. Do they understand each others real
7、 concerns? Do they give their answers honestly and directly? Text B, which is an excerpt from a play, is mainly an extended conversation between a father and his elder son.,Lead infamily members, because,Follow the dialogue and stage directions and we will get to learn about the love-hate relationsh
8、ip between the two and relationships in the whole family. When you read the two texts in this unit, think about what bonds of love in a family mean to each one in itdo they always unite the family or do they sometimes become chains?,Lead in,Follow the dialogue and stage,Background Knowledge,1. About
9、 the Author,Prolific (a dozen novels, 49 short stories, several collections of poems, and a number of plays) as James Purdy was, he remains a controversial figure to critics as well as readers due to the exceptionally individual style and subject matter of his works. Purdy was born after three broth
10、ers in Hicksville, Ohiointo a Calvinist family of a farmer ancestry in 1914. His mother divorced his father in 1930 when the small business that he ran failed. From then on, Purdy had to shuttle between his mothers home, his fathers home, and sometimes his grandmothers home. During troubled childhoo
11、d and teenage years, he wrote plays for his brothers,Background Knowledge1. About t,Background Knowledge,anonymous anomalous letters of hate to the “unkind” people in his life (never actually sent), and stories published in his own little private magazine to be given as gifts to his family. After fi
12、nishing high school, he attended Bowling Green State University and earned a BA teaching degree in French. After Teaching French at Greenbrier Military School in West Virginia for a short period, Purdy moved to Chicago in 1935 to study for his MA degree in English literature at the University of Chi
13、cago. Here he met and was befriended by painter Gertrude Abercrombie (nicknamed “Queen of the Bohemian Artists”) and spent much of his free time with her circle of African-American jazz musicians and artists. Then Purdy enlisted in the army in 1941 and served for a few years. After,Background Knowle
14、dgeanonymous,Background Knowledge,honorable discharge, he returned to the University of Chicago to study Spanish in 1944. After spending the summer of 1945 in the University of Puebla, Mexico, Purdy went to teach English in Havana, Cuba. He returned to the US the next year to teach Spanish at Lawren
15、ce College in Appleton, Wisconsin for the next nine and a half years. Purdy had kept his interest in writing alive and had produced a significant number of stories even though his attempts to get anything published had almost all failed. So far he had only been able to manage to sell two short stori
16、es. In the mid-1950s, he gave up his teaching job and moved back to Chicago to pursue a writing career that was apparently not quite promising. Sponsored by businessman and critic Osborn Andreas, Purdy had his first,Background Knowledgehonorable,Background Knowledge,collection of short stories Dont
17、Call Me by My Right Name privately published and sent copies to various critics and writers. The British poet and critic Dame Edith Sitwell responded warmly and called some of his stories “superb” and “nothing short of masterpieces.” Purdy sent her another privately published work 63: Dream Palace (
18、a novella). Sitwell found a British publisher for Purdy and thus his first commercially published work 63: Dream Palace: A Novella and Nine Stories. Other British writers came forward and gave high praise for the book. After Purdy had established some reputation in Europe, American publishers approa
19、ched him and began to publish his works. Finally James Purdy was becoming successful as a writer. In 1957, Purdy moved to new,Background Knowledgecollection,Background Knowledge,York and eventually settled in Brooklyn and spent the rest of his lift living an almost reclusive life and writing story a
20、fter story, play after play, and poem after poem, in a small apartment from memories of his early life in the Midwest. James Purdys works cover a wide variety of themes: smothering love, disillusionment, the collapse of the family, ecstatic longing, sharp inner pain, despair, helplessness, and shock
21、ing eruptions of violence, often too dark to face. Such themes are presented through the usually agonized and agonizing lives of characters who are social outcasts or outsiders: women, African Americans, Native Americans, homosexuals living far outside the conventional gay communityliterally anyone
22、who could be seen to be outside the circle of “normal” acceptability. Even Purdys final,Background KnowledgeYork and e,Background Knowledge,short story, “Adeline,” written at age 92, tells a tale of transgendered acceptance. And a sense of moral comprise and emotional damage pervades the lives of th
23、e characters. Most of his stories offer no beginning or ending in the traditional sense, as Purdys concern is never to have any problems solved for the characters or to satisfy the reader with some sense of integrity. The reader has to be ready to dig into the dark corners of humanity, to face the i
24、ntolerable truth about the self, and to be haunted by the suffocating weight and lancinating pain of life. Unfortunately few contemporary readers were ready. Modest success and fame were only there for James Purdy to relish between the mid-1950s and the mid-1960s, but even then critics were divided,
25、Background Knowledgeshort stor,Background Knowledge,about him and his works. Edward Albee, Dorothy Parker, Tennessee Williams, and Langston Hughes were among his fans. High praise and vehement condemnation went side by side. He was called an American genius and was attacked for his “distraught mind”
26、. His readership was never satisfactorily large enough. Purdys fame reached its peak when his classic novel Eustace Chisholm & the Works was published in 1967, but it did not quite appeal to the reading public and not many copies were sold. Purdy kept writing but was gradually neglected and forgotte
27、n. However, the 21st century has seen a modest revival of interest in him and a number of his works have been republished.,Background Knowledgeabout him,Background Knowledge,Most of Purdys short stories are told in the third person objective perspective of narration and rely heavily on structurally
28、compressed dialogues. Purdy is always quite stingy with words outside quotation marks, so he rarely exposes much about the situation or characters through description in his short stories. Simplicity in style is the reason why Purdy is called a minimalist writer by some critics. In our story, little
29、 specific information can be found about the exact time, the age or appearance of the characters, or the scene of the room in which the dialogues are carried out.,Background KnowledgeMost of Pu,Background Knowledge,The readers have to give play to their imagination to put these dialogues in some sor
30、t of setting to make sense of the story, and this usually happens unconsciously through readers incorporating their own experiences into the reading process. Thereby the readers involve themselves in the writing process of the story and start communicating with the author in a sense. This is what Pu
31、rdy wants from his readerscommunication. However, if this process becomes too demanding, requires too much deliberate effort, and slips toward the conscious, readers may just dismiss the story by accusing it of lacking clarity.,Background KnowledgeThe reader,Background Knowledge,Our story was writte
32、n in 1957 and first published in the magazine Commentary in 1959. Readers of that time were still accustomed to stories of a more expository style and could hardly appreciate such in story-telling. Almost all of Purdys earlier stories had been vehemently rejected by the mainstream magazines time aft
33、er time on the grounds that there was no story in those stories. Of course todays readers, quite used to such simplicity and brevity of the postmodern sense, wont find any trouble with Purdys stories innarrative style.,Background KnowledgeOur story,Background Knowledge,2. Storyboards,First developed
34、 at Walt Disney Animation Studios in the 1930s, storyboards are graphic organizers in the form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence. A scene that can be displayed in the graphic f
35、orm on paper has to be one static moment of the story. To create a storyboard for the story, you need to visualize the scenes by using your imagination, drawing inspiration from your personal experience, and supplementing as many details as necessary about the setting,the appearance of the character
36、s, their postures, and probably the facial expressions they wear.,Background Knowledge2. Storybo,Background Knowledge,The following scenes could be considered in this story. Merta and Spence talking about Gibbs, Spyro, her life, with Spence sitting somewhere in the room; Merta standing in Spences wa
37、y to detain him for more conversation, with Spence holding his hat in one hand and ready to leave; Spence putting on his hat, talking to Merta, and leaving; Gibbs entering the room, carrying books and asking about the man who has just left; Gibbs kissing Merta surreptitiously; Merta trying to engage
38、 Gibbs in conversation while Gibbs playing his harmonica at one end of the room; Gibbs putting down the harmonica with impatience while responding to Mertas offer of strawberry jello;,Background KnowledgeThe follow,Background Knowledge,Gibbs putting the jello dish down on the kitchen table with a ba
39、ng while asking Merta what she wants to say but couldnt;9) Merta talking while sitting somewhere and eating the jello; 10) Gibbs staring at Merta who is weeping and putting out one hand to him; 11) Merta wiping her eyes with her handkerchief while Gibbs picking up the harmonica; 12) Merta standing u
40、p all of a sudden as if to leave the room, cursing; 13) Gibbs standing up, dropping the harmonica to the floor; 14) Gibbs playing the harmonica while being encouraged by Merta; 15) Gibbs stretching out one hand toward Merta who asks him to keep playing the harmonica.,Background KnowledgeGibbs putt,B
41、ackground Knowledge,3. “How High the Moon” and theme of the story,“How High the Moon” by Nancy Hamilton (music) and Morgan Lewis (lyrics) is a jazz standard (a musical composition which is an important part of the musical repertoire of jazz musicians, in that it is widely known, performed, and recor
42、ded by jazz musicians as well as widely known by listeners). It was first featured in the 1940 Broadway revue (a show with songs, dances, jokes and short plays often about recent events) Two for the Show. The song is best known in a 1951 recording by Les Paul (guitar) and Mary Ford (vocal).,Backgrou
43、nd Knowledge3. “How Hi,Background Knowledge,The lyrics go: Somewhere theres music / How faint the tune / Somewhere theres heaven / How high the moon / There is no moon above / When love is far away too / Till it comes true / That you love me as I love you / Somewhere theres music / How near, how far
44、 / Somewhere theres heaven / Its where you are / The darkest night would shine / If you would come to me soon / Until you will how still my heart / How high the moon / Guitar Solo / Somewhere theres music / How faint the tune / Somewhere theres heaven / How high the moon / The darkest night would sh
45、ine / If you would come to me soon / Until you will how still my heart / How high the moon.,Background KnowledgeThe lyrics,Background Knowledge,James Purdy wrote “Encore” in 1957 and would apparently expect his readers, if any, to at least have heard and thereby be familiar with the song. The lyrics
46、 echo one of the themes of the story, loud and clear: desperate yearning for love that is there but just impossible to pass over. Without a doubt there is the music of love somewhere between the mother and son, but somehow its tune is too faint to travel through the far distance that seems so near.
47、Merta has worked very hard to provide for Gibbs and she has even managed to send him to a college full of snobbish youngsters. She has sacrificed the opportunities to improve her own living conditions. She is concerned over the kind of friend that Gibbs has. Her love for her son is apparent.,Backgro
48、und KnowledgeJames Purd,Background Knowledge,On the other hand, Gibbs understands the hardships his mother has been through and the sacrifices she has made for him, especially at the moment when he notices her aging face. His love for her is seen in his eyes from time to time. But life always gets m
49、essy somehow at some point. Gibbs becomes a misfit in college and has no friends there. Mertas concern over his friendship with Spyro becomes intrusion into Gibbs life and she is not even aware that she is being quite judgmental. The sacrifices that she has made give her the excuse to be like that i
50、n the name of love, but her love is smothering her son. Love turns bitter.,Background KnowledgeOn the oth,Background Knowledge,So its almost impossible for them to talk without turning the conversation into a fight; Gibbs just cant move when he feels strongly urged by love to weep with his sleepless
