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1、英语句子的种类,简单句 (simple sentence),并列句 (compound sentence),复合句 (complex sentence = 主句 + 从句),知识点 一 简单句,主语 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语 及物动词 宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语 系动词 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl),简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可
2、以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。He has become a professor. 他已成为一位教授了。注意：句中的become是连系动词，其用法与be在本质上是一样的，其后都是接名词（短语）或形容词作表语。除become外，其他常见的连系动词有fall（变成），feel，keep（保持），look（看起来），stay（保持），sound，smell，seem，taste，prove等，但这些词后一般接形容词作表语。,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定
3、语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Satur
4、day.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary
5、 are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His sec
6、retary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一个简单句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her hus
7、band.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：W
8、e fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.,常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions,表联合的连词表转折或对比的连词：表选择的连词：表因果的连词：,and, when(=and just at this time就在这时)等,but(但是，可是), while(而，却), yet(可是)等。,or(或者, 还是；否则), otherwise(要不然)等。,for(因为),
9、so(因此)等,其它平行结构：notbut, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, would ratherthan(宁愿不愿), rather than(而不), as well as(既也)等。,。,1.when相当于and then, just then, at the time,一般放在第二个分句句首.We played outside till sunset when it began to rain.I was about to go to bed when it began to rain.2 比较but和 however 的用法He s
10、aid it was so; he was mistaken, however3.while表示对照关系He asked his father why he couldnt hatch chickens while hens could.,4. for, so 连接并列句表示因果关系for引导的分句是对前面的句子加以解释或推断,一般用逗号隔开.引导的句子不用于句首.Someone is coming , for the dog is barking .He shook his head, for he thought differentlyso表示因果关系It was late, so I m
11、ust go home.比较:so 和thereforeI know little about it; therefore I cant give you any advice.,改错：并列连词的误用和 漏用,1 or与 and混用2 but与and混用3 but，although连用，但yet,still可与although连用4 so与because连用。5.并列连词的误用和漏用1) (2015) In the countryside , the air is clean or the mountain are clean. 2) (2013) He had a deep voice, w
12、hich set him apart from others in our town, he was strong and powerful.,4. My roommate was sleeping, we didnt want to wake her up.5. I went to bed. Because I was tired.,My roommate was sleeping . We didnt want to wake her up.My roommate was sleeping, so we didnt want to wake her up.I went to bed bec
13、ause I was tired.,并列连词是否连接同等的成分改错1.( 2015 II) A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.2.(2015II)We can lie on the grass for a rest ,or sat by the lake listening to music .,Bring the flowers into a warm room _ theyll soon open. . I have tried to advise her _ she wont listen3.
14、I then realized she had no arms _ legs， just a head， neck and torso.4. He took the old man not just across the river，_ to his home5He found it increasingly difficult to read, _his eyesight was beginning to fail.,and,一、单句填空,灵活运用,.,but/yet,for,but,or,6. Start out right away, _ youll miss the first tra
15、in. . We were swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started.8 We are going to the bookstore in Johns car. You can come with us _ you can meet us there later 9. Some of us dont have much pocket money, _they feel unhappy.10. 79.3 of the surveyed netizens say that their main motivation is to help t
16、heir parents to live a better life _67.7 claim that they work hard in order to change their own fate.,or,when,or,so,while,二、单句改错,1. Unfortunately, I wont be able to meet you at the airport although I have an important meeting to attend. although because 因“我有一个重要的会议要出席”是“我不能去机场接你”的原因，引导原因状语从句，用becaus
17、e。2. The climate here is pleasant. It is neither too hot or too cold. or nor 因neithernor. (既不也不)是固定搭配。,3. Although he was the wealthiest man in the town, but he didnt feel happy at all. 去掉 but 因已有连词Although (虽然) 了，后面就不再用but了。4. He could have won the match. Otherwise, he broke his leg. Otherwise Howe
18、ver 句意是：他本来可以赢这场比赛的，然而，他摔断了腿。,5. You have to review all your lessons, and you wont pass the exam. and or 因“祈使句+or(否则)+陈述句(用一般将来时)”是固定句式。6. The chance to win the match is slim, so they wont easily give up. so but/yet 前后意义是转折关系。,7. Last year, Sandra immigrated to Spain and she didnt seem to adapt to t
19、he life there, she move back to China.,(1) and but 根据句子意思，前后是转折关系，用but。(2) 在she moved之前加上so 这两个句子之间缺少连词，而且“返回”是“不适应”的结果，引出结果的分句用so(因此)。,8. I will be free all the weekend, therefore, either Saturday and Sunday is OK.,(1) therefore so 因therefore只能做副词，不能作为连词连接两个句子；或在therefore前加and。(2) and or 因eitheror
20、是固定搭配。,9. As the lecture is uninteresting and dull, so more and more listeners began to leave. 去掉so 因前面已有连词As (因为)了，就不再用连词了。10. All of us are in favor of the idea of doing sports every day, but it is beneficial to our health greatly. but because 后句表示原因，引导原因状语从句用because。,选择并列连词的基本方法是看句意。如果句意表示并列或累加，就
21、用and；如果句意表示转折，就用but；如果句意表示选择，就用or。根据历年高考的试题情况来看，并列连词中考查最多的是表示转折的but，而短文改错题考查but的方式通常是在该用but的地方错用and。,关于并列连词还要注意一点：because不能与so搭配使用，although / though（尽管，虽然）不能与but搭配使用。,【真题改编】用适当的并列连词填空。（1）Follow your doctors advice, _ your cough will get worse. （辽宁卷改编）【解析】 or。前后句意为条件关系，故填or(否则)。（2） One Friday, we wer
22、e packing to leave for a weekend away_ my daughter heard cries for help.（浙江卷改编）【解析】when。这里的when意为“这时候”。表示正在做某事时，突然又发生另一件事。,or,when,（3） He was very tired after doing this, _ he felt happy since the crop did “grow” higher.（广东卷改编）【解析】 but / yet。因very happy与前面的very tired是转折关系，而这两句之间是逗号且没有连词，故填连词but或yet。
23、（4） Stand over there _ youll be able to see the oil painting better. （全国卷改编）【解析】and。本题考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句式的应用，填and，表示前后句意为顺承关系，而and前的祈使句表示条件。这个句子相当于一个条件句：If you stand over there, youll be able to see the oil painting better.,but / yet,and,课堂练习】单句改错。（1）Either you must improve your work and I shall dismi
24、ss you.【解析】 and改为or。either . or .意为“要么，要么”为固定短语。（2） Tom went to the party, and his wife didnt.【解析】and改为but。由句意可知，此处表转折，故用but。,（3）They hadnt forgotten, it was the best birthday ever.【解析】在it前加and。根据句意可知，逗号前后为并列关系，故用and连接。句意：他们没有忘记我的生日，这是我过得最好的生日。（4） In fact, I dont like to go anymore, so Im afraid Ill
25、 lose their friendship.【解析】so改为but。“dont like to go”与下句中的“afraid .”之间是转折关系，因此改so为but。,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句 = 主句 + 从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从
26、属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he w
27、as prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fatherwas working in that school.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is
28、 leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,the people,surprised,That,What he saidwhat he did,主语,That he didnt know t
29、he answer,in the room.,定语,who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,He worked,
30、in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句,Put the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地点状语,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,T H E E N D,
