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1、1 s 建筑环境设计建筑环境设计 建筑被动式热环境设计建筑被动式热环境设计 (向外发的资料) 宿斌博士宿斌博士 Tel 8154321 ext 7847, Fax 8154343, bsuunitec.ac.nz, Room 2042D Building one 2 Chapter 1 Climate and Building Thermal Design 第一节第一节 气候和建筑热设计气候和建筑热设计 1.1 Main Climatic Types for Building Thermal Design 建筑热设计的主要气候类型 The process of identifying, und
2、erstanding and controlling climatic influences at the building site is perhaps the most critical part of building design. The key objectives of climatic design include: 可能在建筑设计中最关键的就是对建筑基地气候影响的认识，理解和控制的过程。气候设计的主要宗旨包括： To reduce energy consumption and cost of a building 减少能源浪费和建筑造价 To use natural ene
3、rgy instead of mechanical system and powe 用自然能源来取代人工机械系统 To provide comfortable and health environment for people 为人们提供健康舒适的环境 For the purposes of building thermal design in the particular location, the climates are commonly classified as four basic climate types (see Figure 1): 为了达到在特殊地区建筑热设计的目的，气候
4、通常被分为四个基本的类型（见表 1）： Cold climate (cool), 冷气候 Temperate climate (moderate),温带（ 四季分明）气候 Hot-dry climate (arid) 干热气候 Warm-humid climate (humid tropic). 湿热气候 In cold climate, the main problem is the lack of heat（热量缺乏） (under heating), or an excessive heat dissipation（过多的热量损耗） for all or most parts of th
5、e year. In temperate climate, there is a seasonal variation between under heating and overheating, but neither is very severe. In hot-dry climate, the main problem is overheating, but the air is dry, so the evaporative cooling mechanism（蒸汽冷却装置） of the body is not restricted. There is usually a large
6、 diurnal (day - night) temperature variation. In warm-humid climates, the overheating is not as great as in hot-dry areas, but it is aggravate by very high humidity, restricting the evaporation potential. The diurnal temperature variation is small. 冷气候，主要的问题是全年或一年的大部分中热量缺乏，或者过度的热量损耗。温带气候，在热量不足和过热之间有
7、季节的变换，但并不会过度。干燥气候，主要是过热，但是空气是干燥的，所以身体的蒸汽冷却装置是不受限制的。并且通常有很大的昼夜温差。湿热气候，不像干热气候那么热，但非常高的湿度恶化了气候，它限制了可能的蒸发作用。昼夜温差很小。 3 Figure 1 Climate zones for building thermal design 表 1：建筑热设计气候分区 1.1.1 Cold Climate: 冷气候冷气候 Cold regions are defined as the regions with average temperatures during the winter months bel
8、ow freezing 0C and with cool to comfortable summer conditions. In such regions the main climatic design concerns are to minimise heating energy in the buildings, prevent discomfort from drafts, and minimise cold discomfort outdoors. Summer comfort issues in these regions are minor in comparison with
9、 winter problems and it is assumed that just good ventilation can ensure indoor comfort. 冷气候被定义为，冬季各月的平均气温低于 0 度并且夏季凉爽的地区。在这些地区气候设计主要关注于减小用于建筑加热的能量，阻止穿堂风带来的不舒适，并且减小户外的冷空气进入。夏季的舒适性问题和冬季比起来是次要的，辅助的，并且大家认为只要有好的通风换气就能保证室内的舒适。 Outdoor cold discomfort is strongly affected by the wind speed which, together
10、 with the air temperature, determines the so-called wind-chill. Hence the importance of wind protection in open public spaces such as streets, winter playgrounds, and parks with winter activities. 室外冷的不舒适度主要是被风速所影响，再加上空气温度，决定了所谓的寒风。因此公共空间如街道，冬季运动场和带有冬季活动的公园的风的保护是很重要的。 Northeast China, North European
11、, Russia, Canada, United States. 中国东北，北欧，俄罗斯，加拿大，美国。 1.1.2 Temperate Climate:温带气候 4 Regions with cold winters and hot-humid summers are found mainly in the eastern parts of continents (e.g., in China, Japan, and the United States) between the latitudes of approximately 30 and 45N. Throughout the who
12、le climate zone the summers are humid and warm to hot, while the winters are cold to very cold, and substantial heating is required in the buildings. In the northern parts of this climatic zone the winters are more severe than the summers, while in the southern parts summers may be the most severe s
13、eason. 冬季寒冷夏季湿热的地区主要分布在北纬约 30-45 度之间的大陆东部（比如，在中国，日本，美国的东部） Summer daytime temperatures in this climatic type are often above 30C, accompanied by high humidity. The summer is also the rainy season. Winters are cold, with temperatures often well below the freezing level. The dominant wind directions i
14、n regions with hot-humid summers and cold winters are often different in the two seasons. In the eastern United States, the winter winds are mainly from the Northwest and in summer from the south and Southwest. In eastern China the winds in winter are mainly from the north and in summer mainly from
15、the Southeast. These seasonal changes of the wind direction can be utilised in urban and building design to enhance the wind in summer and to suppress it in winter. 夏季白天的气温常高于 30 度，同时伴有高湿度。夏季也是雨季。冬季寒冷，温度常常低于结冰温度。在夏季湿热冬季寒冷地区的主导风向在两个季节常常是不同的。在美国东部，冬季主导风向来自西北，夏季来自南向和西南向。这种风向的季节性变化在城市和建筑设计中可以用来提高夏季的风和抑制
16、冬季的风。 1.1.3 Hot-dry Climate:干热气候 Hot dry regions are found in the subtropical latitudes, approximately between 15 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator, in central and western Asia, the Middle East, Africa, North and South America, and in central and Northwest Australia. These regions are ch
17、aracterised mainly by their aridity, high summer daytime temperatures, large diurnal temperature range, and high solar radiation. 干热地区分布在亚热带纬度，大约在赤道南北的 15-30 度内，在亚洲的中部和西部，中东，非洲，南北美洲，澳洲的中部和西北部。这些地区的主要特点就是干旱，夏季白天很热，昼夜温差大，太阳辐射大。 The aridity is accompanied by several other characteristics of importance
18、to human comfort, urban planning, and building design. Direct solar radiation is as intense as the radiation reflected from the light-coloured and bare land. 干旱伴有对人的舒适性，城市设计和建筑设计很重要的其它特性。太阳直射和赤裸的浅色地面的反射辐射一样剧烈。 The sky is clear most of the year, promoting solar heating during the nights. Horizontal g
19、lobal radiation can approach 1000 W/m2 and continuous net long-wave radiation loss can be about 100W/m2. The result is a large diurnal temperature can reach in extreme cases up to 50C, although in many hot-arid regions the typical maximum air temperature is about 35-40C. Minimum temperatures in summ
20、er are about 25-30C in the hotter regions and about 18-22C in the cooler hot-dry ones. The round surface temperature in summer may reach up to 70C. 一年中大部分时间天空都是晴朗干净的，促进了太阳能加热。总辐射的水平能达到 1000W/m,持续的长波辐射的热量丢失能达到 100W/M。结果是在极端情况5 下能达到 50 度的大的昼夜温差，即便在干热地区典型的最高气温在 35-40 度之间。夏季最低气温在较热地区约 25-30度，在较凉爽在区约 18-
21、22度。地表最高温度夏季达 70 度。 Winds are usually strong during the midday and afternoon hours, subsiding during the evening. However, some hot-dry regions experience strong winds also during the night hours. 中午和下午风力通常很大，晚上风小。然而，有些干热地区晚上的风也是很大的。 The common features in many hot-dry regions are dust storms, mainl
22、y during the afternoons. The dust storms constitute one of the major discomfort and nuisance factors. To a great extent, their severity and the problems they cause can be reduced by appropriate urban and building design features. 在大多数干热地区的普遍特点是沙尘暴，主要在下午发生。沙尘暴是主要的让人不舒服和令人讨厌的因素之一。在很大程度上，恰当的城市设计和建筑形体设计
23、可以减少沙尘暴的严重性和带来的问题。 Sunlight reflection for the bare, often light-coloured ground may produce intense glare which, together with reflection from buildings walls, may cause visual discomfort and significant radiant heat load for windows and walls. 太阳对于赤裸的，浅色的地面的反射会产生强烈的光刺激，结合来自建筑墙面的反射，将会导致视觉的不舒适并给窗户和墙
24、面带来大量的热辐射负荷。 In hot-dry regions the summer is the more stressful season. Therefore the design of buildings and neighbourhoods should aim mainly to minimise indoor stress and maximise comfort during the summer period. However, some regions which are hot in summer may experience comfortable winters, w
25、hile others may have winter temperatures well below freezing (e.g., southern New Mexico in the United States, or the high plateau of Iran). In such regions winter performance should also be considered carefully in the design of buildings and urban open spaces. Because winter temperatures vary from p
26、lace to place, heating requirements may vary greatly in different hot-dry regions of the world. 在干热地区夏季是相对压较大的季节。所以建筑的设计以及相邻建筑应该把主要目标放在减小室内的紧张并且最大化的使夏天过的舒服。然而，一些夏季特特别热的地区可能会有一个舒服的冬季，这时其它地区的冬季温度却常常低于0 度（比如，美国的新墨西哥南部，或伊朗地区的高原。）。这些这区的建筑设计和室外开放空间的冬季的性能也要仔细考虑。由于各地区的冬季温度不同的，所以世界上的干热地区加热装置也是大不相同的。 1.1.4 Ho
27、t-humid Climate:湿热气候 All regions with hot-humid summers have some common characteristics. Therefore, they can be subdivided into several climate types. A division which would be meaningful from the building design aspect is between, on the one hand, equatorial and tropical-marine regions, which are
28、warm year-round and, on the other hand, regions with hot-humid summers but with cool to cold winters. Equatorial and tropical-marine regions have similar temperature, humidity, and rainfall conditions but are different in their wind conditions, a factor which should have an impact on the design of b
29、uildings. 湿热地区有一些共同的特征。所以它们能够被再次分成几种气候类型。一类地区是位于赤道和热带海洋性气候之间，这部分对建筑设计方面是有意义的，因6 为它们常年温暖，另一类地区有着湿热的夏天，但冬季很凉爽或者冷。赤道和热带海洋地区有着相似的温度，潮湿度和下雨量。但风的状况是不同的，这是建筑设计中要考虑的一个因素。 The equatorial climate type extends along a strip of up to ten to 15 degrees on either side of the equator: in Southeast Asia, Northeast
30、Australia, Micronesia, Africa, and Centre and South America. The tropical-marine climate is found along the eastern margins of southern Africa and South America. Regions with hot-humid summers but with cool winters are found, for example, in Southeast China and in the Southeast United States along t
31、he Gulf of Mexico (Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas). Even more northern areas in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Temmessee, The Carolinas, and Virginia, in the United States and east China, and central and southern Japan, which have cold winters, are quite hot-humid during the summe
32、rs. The main climatic features characterising the equatorial and the tropical marine climates are the relative constancy of the annual average temperature and humidity. While day-to day variations may be significant, the monthly averages are almost constant. The annual mean temperature is about 27C
33、and the range of the average monthly temperature is about 1-3C. The diurnal temperature swing, on the other hand, is about 8C. Average maximum temperatures are about 30C, but on clear days may reach about 38C. Humidity and rainfall are high most of the year. The specific humidity amount of water vap
34、our in a unit mass of dry air) is about 20gr/kg, sometimes rising to about 25gr/kg, with relative humidity often around and above 90%. The wind conditions depend on the distance from the sea and may vary during the year, depending on the annual shifting of the trade wind belt northward or southward.
35、 In coastal regions, the constant heating and cooling patterns of the sea and land areas create regular sea breezes, providing regular air motion and mitigating the heat stress, mainly during the afternoon hours. Nights are often windless. In inland regions, calms are frequent even during the daytim
36、e, intensifying the thermal stress caused by the combination of high temperature and humidity. The tropical-marine zones more regularly enjoy the trade winds, blowing westward and converging toward the equator. The path of the trade winds moves north and south with the annual shift of the suns decli
37、nation. Hot-humid areas subjected to frequent hurricanes and typhoons are found in the Caribbean Islands, Southeast United States, Southeast China and Japan, the Philippines, and Northeast Australia. 1.1.5 Qualitative Understanding of the Main Climatic Types Graphic representations of the four main
38、climatic types were developed by Koenigsberger et al (1974). Figure 2 show four such climate graphs, for the four basic climate types, which represent the following climate elements. Sunshine hours per month: a histogram, with its scale downwards from the top of the frame. Note the differences: very
39、 pronounced seasonal variations in 7 Stockholm, reduced in Milan (more hours in winter but fewer in summer); much more all year round in Cairo, still with a large seasonal variation; for Trivandrum an almost even annual distribution, reduced only during the monsoon (coinciding with the largest rainf
40、all). Solar irradiation (in MJ/m2day): the line graph confirms the above differences. Stockholm: the curve narrow and pointed for summer; broader for Milan; even broader and much higher for Cairo and an almost level distribution for Trivandrum, with two dips coinciding with maximum rainfall. Tempera
41、ture: two temperature lines of the daily maxima and minima enclosing a shaded area. Sometimes the 86th %-ile of the daily maxima and 14th %-ile of minima are added. Relative humidity: the humidity curve represents the afternoon (14:00 or 15:00 h) relative humidity (%); note the sharp contrast betwee
42、n Cairo and Trivandrum (often a second curve is shown to give the morning humidity, but this is fairly high in all climates). Monthly rainfall: the most striking difference is in rainfall, indicated by the bottom histogram (mm/month). Figure 2 Climate graphs for the four basic climate types 1.2. The
43、 Main Climate Elements for Building Design The main climatic elements, regularly measured by meteorological stations, and published in summary form are: Temperature (DBT), dry-bulb temperature measured in the shade, usually in a ventilated bow, the Stevenson screen, 1.2 - 1.8 m above ground level. 8
44、 温度（DBT）,在阴凉处的干球温度，常常放在通风的斯蒂文百叶箱（百叶箱是装置测量温度或湿度的仪器的木箱。四周有百叶窗，故名。 百叶箱(thermoscreen)是安装温、湿度仪器用的防护设备。它的内外部分应为白色。百叶箱的作用是防止太阳对 仪器的直接辐射和地面对仪器的反射辐射，保护仪器免受强风、雨、雪等的影响，并使仪器感应部分有适当的通风，能真实地感应外界空气温度和）内，高度在地面上 1.2-1.8m。 Humidity, which can be expressed as RH or AH, or the WBT of dew-point temperature may be stated
45、, from which the humidity can be deduced. 湿度湿度，用 RH（相对湿度）或 AH或 WBT（湿球温度）来表达，从这些能够推断出湿度 Air movement, ie. Wind, normally measure at 10 m above ground in open country, but higher in built-up areas, to avoid obstructions. Both velocity and direction are indicated. 气流气流。风，在开阔的乡村常常在地表以上 10m 测，但在建筑物多的地区要高
46、一些，以避开障碍物。速度的方向都要标明。 Precipitation, ie. The total amount of rain, hail, snow, dew, measured in rain gauges and expressed in mm per unit time (day, month, year). 降雨量降雨量。包括雨，冰雹，雪，露水，用雨水测量计测量，以 mm 为单位（每天，每月，每年，） Cloud cover, based on visual observation and expressed as a fraction of the sky hemisphere
47、(tenths, or octas = eights) covered by clouds. 云量云量，基于外部观察并且由被云覆盖的天空的一部分表达 Sunshine duration, ie. The period of clear sunshine (when a sharp shadow is cast), measured by a sunshine recorder which burns a trace on a paper strip, expressed as hours per day or month. 日照时间日照时间， Solar radiation, measured
48、 by a pyranometer (solarimeter), on an unobstructed horizontal surface and recorded either as the continuously varying irradiance (W/m2), or through an electronic integration is given in Wh/m2 it can be taken as the average irradiance for that hour. 太阳辐射太阳辐射 In many instances 在很多情况下 the regular clim
49、ate data are supplemented 补充 by a range of indicative number, such as: Number of days a certain temperature is exceeded 某一温度的天数过量 Number of frost days 霜日 Occurrence of fog 雾 Frequency of hail-storms 冰雹的频率 Frequency of thunderstorms 暴雨的频率 Possible dust-storms, tornadoes or cyclones 可能的沙尘暴，龙卷风或旋风 Any
50、risk of earthquakes 1.2.1 The Main Climate Data for Building Thermal Design 建筑热设计的主要气候数据 The climate of a given location is depicted by climatic data: measured values of climatic elements over a long time (at least 10 years). Meteorologists measure a large number of climatic variables, but the desig
