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1、1,第十五章句式转换译法Conversion of Clauses in Translation,2,课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的前置译法（参考译文）,1The pen that you gave me is very nice.【译文】你给我的钢笔很好。2She kissed the child which was in the mothers arms.【译文】她吻了吻抱在母亲怀中的婴儿。,3,3The people who had been evacuated have returned and rebuilt their town.【译文】撤走的人们已经返回并重建了自
2、己的小镇。4Atoms are the units out of which molecules are built.【译文】原子是构成分子的基本单位。,课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的前置译法（参考译文）,4,5This is the house that Jack built. 【译文】这是杰克建的房子。6Those who want to go please sign their names here.【译文】想去的人请在这里签名。,课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的前置译法（参考译文）,5,7We will start at the point where w
3、e left off. 【译文】我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。8It is a question that needs careful consideration. 【译文】这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。,课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的前置译法（参考译文）,6,9I know of a place where we can swim. 【译文】我知道一个可以游泳的地方。10The days are gone when my heart was young and gay.【译文】快乐童年一去不复返。,小节结束,课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的前置译法（参考译文）,7
4、,课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的后置译法（参考译文）,1All matter is made of atoms, which are invisible to the naked eye.【译文】一切物质都是由原子构成，原子是肉眼看不见的。2On that day she looked the happiest (that) Ive ever seen her.【译文】那一天她显得特别高兴，我从来没见过她这样高兴过。,8,3He is fond of music, which I am glad to hear. 【译文】他喜爱音乐，我听了很高兴。（“which”指前面句中的部
5、分意义）4Jack drove too fast, which was reckless.【译文】杰克开车开得太快，这真冒失。（“which”指前面整个一句）,课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的后置译法（参考译文）,9,5An aircraft engine consists of thousands of parts, each of which has its importance.【译文】飞机发动机由成千上万个部件所组成，其中每一个都很重要。6Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, which is the universal
6、ly accepted law.【译文】能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条公认的规律。,课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的后置译法（参考译文）,10,7Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party.【译文】后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。8This poem, which almost everybody knows, is by Tennyson. 【译文】丁尼生写的这首诗几乎人人皆知。,课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的后置译法（参考译文）,11,9He accepted the offer, which was
7、 a job after his own heart.【译文】他接受了这项工作，该工作很符合他的心意。10Shes very like Catler, that I used to meet at Dumdum.【译文】她非常象卡特勒小姐，这位小姐我过去常在达姆达姆遇到。,课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的后置译法（参考译文）,12,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,1How can anyone hope to be a political leader who doesnt know what his neighborhood are thin
8、king? （译为条件状语）【译文】一个人如果不知道自己的左邻右舍在想什么，怎么能指望自己成为一位政治领袖呢？,13,2The arms drive, which brings huge profits to the monopolists, weighs heavily on the working people and seriously worsens the economy of the country. （译为时间状语）【译文】军备竞赛在给垄断资本家带来巨额利润的同时，将沉重的负担加到劳动人民身上，使国家经济状况恶化。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文
9、）,14,3While convalescing in Scotland he wrote Hatteris Castle, which started his literary career. （译为结果状语）【译文】在苏格兰休养期间，他创作了帽商的城堡，于是开始了他的文学生涯。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,15,4Private schools in the United States have a wide range of Programs that are offered to meet the needs of certain student
10、s. （译为目的状语）【译文】美国私立学校设课繁多，以期满足某些学生的不同要求。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,16,5Iron, which is not so strong as steel, finds wide application. (译为让步状语)【译文】虽然铁的强度不如钢，但它仍有广泛的用途。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,17,6Students who said theyd left theirs (their ID cards) in the dorm or at home had a mug s
11、hot taken. （译为条件状语）【译文】凡是说把身份证留在宿舍或忘在家中的学生都被拍了面部照。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,18,7I knocked at the door of the red house, which opened right away. (译为结果状语)【译文】我敲了敲红色房子的门，结果那门立刻就开了。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,19,8Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the heigh
12、t. （译为条件状语）【译文】世上无难事，只要肯登攀。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,20,9Late last century all the universities in the United States adopted the credit system which benefited student a great deal. (译为结果状语)【译文】上个世纪末，美国所有大学已实行了学分制，（所以）学生们从中受益匪浅。,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,21,10We can study the motion
13、of the projectile by watching the motion of its center of gravity, at which the mass of the projectile is considered to be concentrated. (译为原因状语)【译文】我们可以通过研究弹丸重心的移动来研究弹丸的运动，因为弹丸的质量通常被认为是集中在重心上。,小节结束,课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意运用定语从句的转换译法（参考译文）,22,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,1Liquids are different from solids
14、 in that liquids have no definite shape.【译文】液体与固体的区别在于，液体没有固定的形态。,23,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,2People who are hard of hearing wear special devices that amplify sound so that they can hear.【译文】听力不佳的人戴着放大声音的专门装置，以便能听到声音。,24,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,3When marketers do not understand and appre
15、ciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. (译为条件状语)【译文】如果营销商不重视也不了解一种文化的价值观、品味、地理、气候、迷信、宗教以及经济等，就占领不了目标市场。,25,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,4While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity,
16、no one has yet made a convincing case that it would do any real harm, either. (译为让步状语)【译文】虽然克隆人类可能不会给人类带来很大的好处，但也没有人能提供有力的例证证明它会带来真正的危害。,26,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,5The problems were particularly acute in the companys top ten major metro sales markets, where it had been five years since the co
17、mpany had received local media support. (译为原因状语)【译文】在该公司的十大城市销售市场上，问题尤其严重，因为当地的新闻媒体已经五年不为该公司作宣传了。,27,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,6When the wolf continued for a long time following in the train of his flock without the least attempt to annoy them, he began to look upon him more as a friend than a f
18、oe. (译为原因状语) 【译文】由于狼长时间地继续跟在羊群后面，没有一点伤害它们的样子，他开始不把它当作敌人，而把它看成朋友了。,28,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,7I wonder how she would feel if she learned that the Negro before whom she had behaved in such an unlady-like manner was habitually a white man. （译成并列结构）【译文】我心下思忖：在一个黑人面前表现得如此有失淑女风度，他若是得知这个黑人其实是个白人时，不知
19、作何感想。,29,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,8Similarly, the luminous road markers that protect out highways are cut in such a way that the light from the headlights of oncoming automobiles is reflected back and forth inside the transparent material of the markers and thus causes them glow.【译文】同样，保护公路的发光路
20、标应加工得使迎面来的汽车的头灯发出的光能在路标的透明材料里来回反射，从而使路标发光。,30,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,9While nearly everyone has heard of the information superhighway, even experts differ on exactly what the term means and what the future it promises will look like. Broadly speaking, however, the superhighway refers to the u
21、nion of todays broadcasting, cable, video, telephone, and computer and semiconductor industries into one large all-connected industry. (译为让步状语)【译文】尽管几乎人人都听说过信息高速公路，可即使专家们对这一名称的确切含义，以及它预示着什么样的未来也有分歧。但广义的说，信息高速公路是指由今天的广播、电视、录像、电话、电脑、半导体等产业组合而成的一个互相关联的大产业。,31,课堂互动4： 翻译下列句子,注意状语从句的译法（参考译文）,10Not long af
22、ter they were married, however, the beautiful woman found out that she was more the object of his artistic interest than of his affections. When he admired her classic beauty, it was as though he were standing in front of a work of art rather than in front of a human being to whom he had pledged his
23、 love and promised his life. And soon he expressed his great desire to put her rare beauty on canvas.【译文】婚后不久这位美女就发现，丈夫对她如此感兴趣却并非爱她，而是欣赏艺术。他称赞她身上的古典美，就好像是站在一座艺术品前欣赏，而不是把她当作活生生的人，当作他发誓要终生相爱的人。过不久他就强烈表示要把她旷古稀世的美画出来。,小节结束,32,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参考译文）,1Ill try to make up what I have missed.【译文】我将把缺
24、掉的（内容）补起来。2A principle of science tells what usually happens under certain conditions.【译文】科学原理告诉我们在一定条件下会发生的事情。,33,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参考译文）,3The problem that all machines in this factory must be automated will be solved before long. （同位语从句译成定语从句）【译文】该厂所有机器实现自动化的问题，不久就能解决。,34,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词
25、性从句的译法（参考译文）,4It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. (it作形式主语) 【译文】驾驶员在飞机坠毁后竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的事。,35,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参考译文）,5Today doctors can find out by means of x-rays whether a patient has tuberculosis.【译文】今天，医生可以利用x光来确诊病人是否患有肺结核。,36,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参
26、考译文）,6He is surprised to read the news in the newspaper that his father should be still alive. (同位语从句)【译文】他在报纸上读到这条消息很吃惊：他的父亲竟然还活着。,37,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参考译文）,7I could see at once from his bright eyes and the smile on his face that the uniform was a disguise.【译文】从他那明亮的眼睛和微笑的脸上，我弄明白了，他是为了化装而穿那
27、件制服的。,38,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参考译文）,8How the hot iron emits light energy, and how this energy reaches our eyes, is one of the natures deepest secrets. (主语从句)【译文】高热的铁怎样放出光能，这种能又怎样辐射到我们的眼睛，这是自然界的奥秘之一。,39,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参考译文）,9It is common knowledge that metals are made up of crystalline
28、structure which is ordinarily termed “grain”. (it作形式主语)【译文】金属是由通常称之为“晶粒”的晶状结构组成的，这是个常识。,40,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子,注意名词性从句的译法（参考译文）,10Its extraordinary that in all the years the British spent in Egypt they never got to know the real people of Egypt. (it作形式主语)【译文】英国人在埃及呆了那么多年，却从来没有真正了解埃及人，这是异乎寻常的。,小节结束,41,1翻译下
29、列句子，注意定语从句的译法,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,1) He is wisest that is honest.【译文】诚实者最聪明。2）He is rich, which I unfortunately am not. 【译文】他有钱， 但不幸，我没有钱。3) He said he had no time, which isnt true. 【译文】他说他没有时间，这不是事实。,42,1翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的译法,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,4) He has asked me to prepare a paper which he will circulate. 【译文】他已请
30、我准备一份文件，他将散发这个文件。5) Archimedes principle applies to all fluids, by which we mean all liquids and gases. 【译文】阿基米德原理适用于一切流体, 这里所谓的流体指的是一切液体和一切气体。,43,1翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的译法,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,6) The longest glacier so far discovered in China, the Karagul, which is 34 km. in length, is located here.【译文】卡拉古尔冰川是我国到
31、目前为止发现最长的冰川，有34公里长，就在这个地方。,44,1翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的译法,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,7）This is a college of science and technology, the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.【译文】这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。,45,1翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的译法,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,8) After regular intervals which depend partly upon the amo
32、unt of traffic carried and partly upon the local conditions, the so-called “permanent way” requires replacement.【译文】每隔一段时间后，所谓“永久性道路”（即铁路轨道）就需要更换。这段时间的长短，部分取决于运输量，部分取决于当地的条件。,46,1翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的译法,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,9) So what do the Americans think of the foreign visitors who arrive for the torrid heat,
33、just when locals from the United States tended to avoid Death Valley？【译文】美国本地人对死谷避之惟恐不及，国外游客却纷纷为炎炎烈日而至，对此美国人是怎么看的呢？,47,1翻译下列句子，注意定语从句的译法,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,10）They seemed to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unremitting fatigue and by victories which almost exceeded belief.【译文】他
34、们对这些酬劳看来是很得意的，这些酬劳是他们历经千辛万苦，通过取得许多次令人难以置信的胜利得来的。,小节结束,48,2段落翻译 Culture Shock,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? Like many young people who leave home to study in another country, do you think you would have lots of desirable fun? Certai
35、nly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom.,【译文】文化冲突你认为在异国留学是一种听着让人非常兴奋的事情吗？你认为你会像许多离家去另一个国家学习的年轻人一样会得到许多令人向往的快乐吗？这当然是人生新的经历，它会给你带来机会，去发现许多迷人的东西，获得一种自由感。,49,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,In spite of these advantages, however, there are
36、also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the culture not familiar to you. This is culture shock. Evidentl
37、y, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur.,【续】然而尽管有这诸多好处，你也会遇到挑战。因为你的观点可能会与存在于不同国家的不同信念、准则、价值观念和传统发生冲突。在适应一种新的文化及该文化中你不熟悉的那些部分时，你也许会遇到困难。这就是文化冲击。很明显，在人们适应文化冲击的过程中至少会经历四个主要阶段。,50,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,The first stage is called “the honeymoon”. In this stage, you feel excitemen
38、t about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending.,【续】第一阶段叫做“蜜月期”。在这一阶段里，你会能在一个不同国度里生活而感到兴奋不已，而且每一样东西都是那么美好。你什么都喜欢，而且好像每个人都对你很好。
39、另外，新的文化中的生活好像乐趣无限。,51,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,Eventually, however, the second stage of culture shock appears. This is the “hostility stage”. You begin to notice that not everything is as good as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new culture.,【续】然而文化冲击的第二阶段最终还是出
40、现了。这是“敌意阶段”。你开始注意到并不是每样东西都如同你原先认为的那样美好。你会对新的文化里的许多东西都感到厌烦。,52,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,Moreover, people dont treat you like a guest anymore. Everything that seemed to be so wonderful at first is now awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired.,【续】还有，人们也不再把你当作一个客人来对待了。所有最初看去非常美好的东西现在变得让人讨厌了，
41、而且每样东西都使你感到苦恼和厌倦。,53,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,Usually at this point in your adjustment to a new culture, you devise some defense mechanisms to help you cope and to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock. One type of coping mechanism is called “repression”. This happens when you pretend tha
42、t everything is acceptable and that nothing bothers you.,【续】通常在你适应一种新的文化的过程中进入这一阶段时，你会想出一些帮助你应对和保护自己免受文化冲击影响的保护性办法。其中有一种办法叫做“压抑法”。当你假装所有的东西都是可以接受的，没有什么东西令你感到烦恼的时候，你就是在用“压抑法”。,54,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,Another type of defense mechanism is called “regression”. This occurs when you start to act as if you
43、are younger than you actually are; you act like a child. You forget everything, and sometimes you become careless and irresponsible.,【续】另一种保护性办法称作“倒退法”。当你的行为举止开始显得比你实际年龄要小的时候，你是在用这第二种办法。这时，你的行为举止像个小孩。你忘记一切，而且有时你会变得粗心大意和不负责任。,55,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isola
44、tion”. You would rather be home alone, and you dont want to communicate with anybody. With isolation, you try to avoid the effects of culture shock, or at least thats what you think. Isolation is one of the worst coping mechanisms you can use because it separates you from those things that could rea
45、lly help you.,【续】第三种保护性办法叫做“孤立法”。你宁可一个人待在家里，也不想和任何人交流。你想把自己孤立起来以避免受到文化冲击的影响，至少你是这样认为的。孤立法也许是人们用来对付文化冲击的最糟糕的办法之一，因为你把那些能真正帮助你的东西和你隔离开来了。,56,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,The last type of defense mechanism is called “rejection”. With this coping mechanism, you think you dont need anybody. You feel you are copin
46、g fine alone, so you dont try to ask for help.,【续】最后一种保护性办法叫做“排斥法”。这一办法让你觉得自己不需要任何人帮助，自己可以独自把事情处理好，所以你就不想求助于人。,57,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,The defense mechanisms you utilize in the hostility stage are not helpful. If you only occasionally use one of these coping mechanisms to help yourself survive, that
47、is acceptable. You must be cautious, however. These mechanisms can really hurt you because they prevent you from making necessary adjustments to the new culture.,【续】你在敌意阶段中所采用的这些办法并不能解决问题。如果你只是偶尔使用一下其中一个办法来帮助你生存下去，这还情有可原。但是你必须谨慎小心，这些办法可能会真的使你受到伤害，因为它们会阻碍你对新的文化做出必要的调整。,58,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,After yo
48、u deal with your hostile feelings, recognition of the temporary nature of culture shock begins. Then you come to the third stage called “recovery”. In this stage, you start feeling more positive, and you try to develop comprehension of everything you dont understand.,【续】在你对付过了自己的敌对情绪后，你就会开始认识到文化冲击的短
49、暂性。然后你就会步人所谓的第三阶段“恢复期”。在这个阶段里，你会开始变得积极起来，而且你会努力去理解所有你不理解的东西。,59,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,The whole situation starts to become more favorable; you recover from the symptoms of the first two stages, and you adjust yourself to the new norms, values, and even beliefs and traditions of the new country. You be
50、gin to see that even though the distinctions of the culture are different from your own, it has elements that you can learn to appreciate.,【续】整个形势开始变得对你有利了，你会从前两个阶段中出现的症状中恢复过来。而且你开始使自己适应新的准则、新的价值观念，乃至这个新国家的各种信仰和传统。你开始明白，虽然这种新文化的特点和你自己的文化特点有所不同，其中也必定有着值得你学习和欣赏的东西。,60,2段落翻译,第十五章综合练习及参考译文,The last stag
