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1、优秀教材特点与编写原则Lecture Five Features of good materials andprinciples for effective materials development,优秀教材的特点,Work in groups and discuss:What do you think a “good” English textbooks should be like?Have you ever used a “very good” English textbook?Do you see any problems in the textbook you are using
2、or have recently used?,Brian Tomlinson, Ph.D.TESOL Professor: (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages 对外英语教学)Dr. Brian Tomlinson is considered to be one of the worlds leading experts on materials development for language learning. In 1993 he established the worlds first MA dedicated to the
3、study of materials development for language learning (at the University of Luton in the UK) and he founded MATSDA (the internationally renowned Materials Development Association).,Dr. Brian Tomlinson is considered to be one of the worlds leading experts on materials development for language learning
4、. In 1993 he established the worlds first MA dedicated to the study of materials development for language learning (at the University of Luton in the UK) and he founded MATSDA (the internationally renowned Materials Development Association).,20 features of good materials partly taken from Tomlinson
5、(1998b),(1)Materialsshouldachieveimpact.(2)Materialsshouldhelplearnerstofeelatease,(3)Materialsshouldhelplearnerstodevelopconfidence.(4)Materialsshouldmeetlearners needs.(5)Materialsshouldrequireandfacilitatelearnersself-investment.(6)Materialsshouldgetthelearnersreadytoacquirethepoints beingtaught.
6、(7)Materialsshouldexposethelearnerstolanguageinauthenticuse.(8)Materialsshoulddrawlearnersattentiontolinguisticfeaturesof theinput.(9)Materialsshouldprovidethelearnerswithopportunities to use thetargetlanguagetoachievecommunicative purposes.,(10)Materialsshouldtakeintoaccountthatthepositive effects
7、of instruction(teaching)areusuallydelayed.(11)Materialsshouldtakeintoaccountthatlearnersdiffer in learningstyles.(12)Materialsshouldtakeintoaccountthatlearnersdifferin affectivefactorsattitudesandmotivation.(13)Materialsshouldpermitasilentperiodatthebeginningof instruction.(14)Materialsshouldmaximiz
8、elearningpotentialbyencouraging intellectual,aestheticandemotionalinvolvementwhichstimulatesboth rightandleftbrainactivities.(15)Materialsshouldnotrelyt0omuchoncontrolledpractice,(16)Materialsshouldprovideopportunitiesforoutcomefeedback,(17)Materialsshouldintroducelearningmethodsandstrategiesto solv
9、eproblems.(18)Materialsshouldprovideastimulustolearning.(19)Materialsshouldbestudent-centred.(20)Materialsshouldhelpteacherstoorganizetheteaching-learning process.,1. Materials should achieve impact,Novelty: being newVariety: different activities/tasks, different texts, different voices, etc.)Attrac
10、tive layout: attractive colours, photographs, spaceAppealing content: topics of interest to the target learners; topics which offer the possibility of learning something new; engaging stories; universal themes; local references,话题新鲜,内容有趣,版面美观,活动多样,1. 教材应有吸引力：新、众、美、趣,2. Materials should help learners
11、 to feel at ease.,feel more comfortable with materials with lots of white space than they do with materials in which lots of different activities are crammed together on the same page;- are more at ease with texts and illustrations that they can relate to their own culture than they are with those w
12、hich are culturally exotic (and therefore potentially alien);- are more relaxed with materials which are obviously trying to help them to learn than they are with materials which are always testing them.,本民族文化,适量练习,留白,2. 教材应使学习者感到轻松自在,3. Materials should help learners to develop confidence.,the acti
13、vities which try to push learners slightly beyond their existing proficiency by engaging them in tasks which are stimulating which are problematic but which are achievable too. the activities encourage learners to use and to develop their existing extra-linguistic skills, such as those which involve
14、 being imaginative, being creative or being analytical.,3. 教材应帮助学习者树立信心,哪种方式更有利于真正帮助学习者树立信心？A. 简化语言材料和语言活动，让学生用简化的语言完成简化的任务， 如：简单的句型操练。B. 让学生运用想象力，创造力等完成略高于自身语言水平的任务， 如：编小故事。,4. Materials should meet learners needs.,What is covered in the materials should be relevant and useful to the learners.,4. 教
15、材应满足学习者的需求,相关性、实用性,5. Materials should require and facilitate learner self-investment.,Learning activities require the learners to make discoveries for themselves. It would seem that learners profit most if they invest interest, effort and attention in the learning activity. Materials can help them
16、to achieve this by providing them with choices of focus and activity, by giving them topic control and by engaging them in learner-centred discovery activities.,分析课文，帮助学生自主学习,5. 教材应有助于学习者自主学习,6. Learners must be ready to acquire the points being taught.,create situationsensure that the learners have
17、 gained sufficient mastery over the developmental features of the previous stage before teaching a new oneroughly tune the input so that it contains some features which are slightly above each learners current state of proficiencyget learners to focus attention on features of the target language whi
18、ch they have not yet acquired so that they might be more attentive to these features in future input.,6. 教材内容应当适合学习者的水平，具有较强可学性,重大版 favourite teacher,1. 教材应有吸引力：新、众、美、趣2. 教材应使学习者感到轻松自在3. 教材应帮助学习者树立信心4. 教材应满足学习者的需求5. 教材应有助于学习者自主学习6. 教材内容应当适合学习者的水平，具有较强可学性,7. Materials should expose the learners to la
19、nguage in authentic use.,The input should vary in style, mode, medium and purpose and should be rich in features which are characteristic of authentic discourse in the target language. And, if the learners want to be able to use the language for general communication, it is important that they are e
20、xposed to planned, semi-planned and unplanned discourse (e.g. a formal lecture, an informal radio interview and a spontaneous conversation).,7. 教材应使学习者接触真实的语言,How do you do? Nice to meet you.,How do you do?Nice to meet you,too.,8.Materials should provide the learners with opportunities to use the ta
21、rget language to achieve communicative purposes.,Learners should be given opportunities to use language for communication rather than just to practise it in situations controlled by the teacher and the materials.,8. 教材应能为学习者创造运用语言进行真实交际的机会,9. 教材应使学习者注意到语言材料中的重要语言现象,中介语： She watch TV.（汉语中动词没有第三人称变化）,
22、大量接触真实目的语，关注中介语与目的语的差异,目的语：She watches TV.,母语：她看电视。,10. Materials should take into account that the positive effects of instruction (teaching) are usually delayed.,Research into the acquisition of language shows that it is a gradual rather than an instantaneous process and that this is equally true
23、for instructed as well as informal acquisition. Learners cannot be expected to learn a new feature and be able to use it in the same lesson.So it is important for materials to recycle instruction and to provide frequent and ample exposure to the instructed language features in communicative use.,10.
24、 教材应该考虑到语言学习的延迟效应,不断循环重现,11. Materials should take into account that learners differ in learning styles.,VisualAuditoryKinaesthetic knsetkStudialExperientialAnalyticGlobalDependentIndependent,任务四： 将以下学习者的风格与对教材的需 求进行匹配,11. 教材应考虑不同学习者的学习风格,1. 触及实物来学习或按指令来完成任务 2. 喜欢以观看方式来学习语言3.喜欢以听的方式来学习语言4.喜欢运用语言，关注交
25、际内容 和目的5.有意识地关注语言特点，对语 言的准确性要求很高 A. 视觉型 B. 听觉型 C. 动觉型 D.研究型 E. 体验型,6.不善于自己安排学习，喜欢依 赖老师和教材 7.关注语块，整合信息 8.根据自己的语言学习经历来安 排学习，善于运用自主学习策 略 9.关注语言的各个具体部分,习 惯于一步一步地展示语言材 料 F. 分析型 G. 综合型 H. 依赖型 I. 独立型,A,B,C,D,E,H,G,I,F,12. 教材应关注不同学习者的情感态度和动机,提供不同题材和体裁的语言材料,不同类型的语言学习活动,为动机较强，更积极 的学习者，提供额外的 可以选择的活动。,提供的教材尽可能多
26、样设计一些讨论英语价值的话题与活动尽可能满足学习者的各种兴趣和爱好考虑学习者的文化背景为学习困难的学习者提出建议,此外，为尽可能满足不同学习者的情感需求，教材应努力做到：,13. Materials should permit a silent period at the beginning of instruction.,It has been shown that it can be extremely valuable to delay learners speaking at the beginning of a course until learners have gained su
27、fficient exposure to the target language and sufficient confidence in under- standing it. This silent period can facilitate the development of an effective internalised grammar which can help learners to achieve proficiency when they eventually start to speak.,13. 教材应允许学习者在开始的阶段有沉默期,为什么要在做了1a,1b,和1c
28、之后才做说的训练？,任务五：,好的教材应在沉默期设法给学习者提供开口说目的语做准备的机会，你认为下面哪些活动恰当？ A. 教材的前几个活动提供图片让学生描述 B. 设计以听力理解的方式教授语言的活动 C. 只要求学生理解，不需要使用语言表达的活动 D. 根据指令做出身体反应的活动,7. 教材应使学习者接触真实的语言8. 教材应能为学习者创造运用语言进行真实交际的机会9. 教材应使学习者注意到语言材料中的重要语言现象10. 教材应该考虑到语言学习的延迟效应11. 教材应考虑不同学习者的学习风格12. 教材应关注不同学习者的情感态度和动机13. 教材应允许学习者在开始的阶段有沉默期,14. Mat
29、erials should maximize learning potential by encouraging intellectual, aesthetic and emotional involvement which stimulates both right and left brain activities.,A narrowly focused series of activities which require very little cognitive processing (e.g. mechanical drills; rule learning; simple tran
30、sformation activities) usually leads to shallow and ephemeral learning. However a varied series of activities making, for example, analytic, creative, evaluative and rehearsal demands on processing capacity can lead to deeper and more durable learning. In order for this deeper learning to be facilit
31、ated it is very important that the content of the materials is not trivial or banal and that it stimulates thoughts and feelings in the learners. It is also important that the activities are not too simple and that they cannot be too easily achieved without the learners making use of their previous
32、experience and their brains.,14. 教材应能充分利用学习者的智力、审美和情感等因素，刺激左右大脑活动，从而充分发挥学习潜能,15. Materials should not rely too much on controlled practice.,Controlled grammar practice activities still feature significantly in popular coursebooks and are considered to be useful by many teachers and by many learners.
33、 This is especially true of dialogue practice which has been popular in many methodologies for the last 30 years without there being any substantial research evidence to support it.,15. 教材不应过分依赖控制型练习 Materials should not rely too much on controlled practice.,T: He walks to school every day.T: Go.Ss:
34、 He goes to school every day.T: Run.Ss:He runs to school every day.T: Jump.Ss: He jumps to school every day.特点：主要注重形式和精准度。活动类型：操练句型、听对话、重复对话,控制型练习,16. 教材应向学习者介绍学习方法和解决问题的办法Materials should introduce learning methods and strategies to solve problems.,学习方法,17. 教材应提供多种途径来“刺激”学习Materials should provide
35、a stimulus to learning.,有意思的活动,18. 教材应就学习者的学习效果提供反馈Materials should provide opportunities for outcome feedback.,反馈,教材,学习者,教师,用教材学,用教材教,19. 教材应体现以学习者为中心的原则Materials should be student-centred.,20. 教材应帮助教师组织好教学过程. Materials should help teachers to organize the teaching-learning process.,Principle of la
36、nguage acquisition No. 1 A prerequisite for language acquisition is that the learners are exposed to a rich, meaningful, and comprehensible input of language in use. Therefore, materials should:Contain plentiful spoken and written texts;Contain authentic language;Contextualize input;Have natural rec
37、ycling of language items.,Based on SLA research findings, Tomlinson (2010) outlined the following principles for effective materials development.,Principle of language acquisition No. 2,In order for the learners to maximize their exposure to language in use, they need to be engaged both affectively
38、and cognitively in the language experience. Materials should stimulate:EngagementThinking,Principle of language acquisition No. 3Language learners who achieve positive affect much more likely to achieve communicative competence than those who do not. Therefore, materials should:be interesting, relev
39、ant, and enjoyable;Set achievable challenges;Stimulate emotive responses through songs, music, literature, etc.,Principle of language acquisition No. 4L2 language learners can benefit from using those mental resources which they typically utilise when acquiring and using their L1. Materials should:g
40、et learners to visualise and/or use inner speechhelp the learners to reflect on their mental activity during a task and then to try to make more use of mental strategies in a similar task.,Principle of Language Acquisition No. 5Language learners can benefit from noticing salient features of the inpu
41、t. Therefore, materials should:use an experiential approachhelp the learners (preferably in collaboration) to make discoveries for themselves.,教材的积极作用,高水平、高质量的教材对英语教学的积极作用：,1）体系完整、内容丰富、设计合理的教材有利于学生培养语言知识、语言技能、情感态度、文化意识、学习策略这五方面的综合语言运用能力。2）有利于更好地激发学生学习英语的兴趣。3）结构合理、内容丰富、活动灵活多样的教材有利于教师节省备课时间和精力，而且有利于他们
42、在教学中创造性地使用教材，从而更好地培养教师自身的专业发展能力。,4）大多数正式出版的教材都是由英语教学专家或有经验的教师编写的。保证教学质量和效果。5）选择和使用合适的英语教材，有利于教学大纲或课程标准的有效实施。6) 不断更新的教材是新的教学思想和教学方法最有力的推广者和实施者。,编写水平低、编写质量差的教材对英语教学消极作用：1）教学思想或教学方法不科学或不利于提高学习效果。2）编写体系不完整，不能正确处理知识学习和技能发展的关系，因而不利于全面发展学生的知识和能力。,教材的消极作用：,3）教材使用一些了大量不真实、不地道或无意义的语言材料。4）教材缺乏真实的、有交际意义的语言实践活动，
43、不利于培养学生真正的语言实践能力。5）教材内容不能满足学生学习的客观需要，也不利于调动学生的学习积极性。6）教材版式设计单一、陈旧，不利于激发学生的学习兴趣和内在学习动机。7）教材内容和活动形式都是封闭式的，不利于开拓学生的思维，不利于培养学生的创新精神。,教材在出版、推广和使用等环节上存在某些不合理因素：1）商业化的促销活动影响了教师或教育行政部门对教材的评价和选择。2）由教育行政部门推荐或指定使用的教材往往存在“一刀切”的问题。3）教师和学生被动地使用教材的现象十分严重，从而使教材的使用缺乏主动性和创造性。,4）大量引进的国外英语教材有些内容可能不适合国内的实际教学需要。 5）教材凌驾于教
44、学大纲之上的现象使教学迷失正确的方向。,教材编写的新发展,任务六：想一想教材编写有哪些新发展？,教材编写指导思想的变化 教材编写越来越强调综合能力的培养教材编写向立体化发展教材编写普遍采用板块式设计教材编写的职业化我国教材编写的形势,以某种教学思想和教学法为唯一的指导思想更多地考虑学生的需要和不同学生的学习特点,教材编写指导思想的变化,外语教学与研究出版社出版的高中英语（新标准）教材由以下几个部分组成：学生用书学生用书配套录音带教师用书多媒体教学课件CD-ROM同步评价手册等配套练习册,教材编写向立体化发展,教材编写普遍采用板块式设计外语教学与研究出版社IntroductionReading
45、and vocabularyVocabulary and speakingGrammarListening and vocabularyPronunciationSpeakingWritingEveryday English and functionCultural cornerTask,语言教学研究专业人员或教材研究专业人员编写水平和编写质量一线教师,教材编写的职业化,教材体系和教材制度会更合理、更科学。教材市场会是开放的和自由的。教师和学生在教材的编、选、用等方面将有更多的自主权。,我国教材编写的形势,任务七： 想一想本节课你学到了什么？,教材优秀教材的特点教材的积极与消极作用教材的新发展
46、,Assignment1.Study the given sample, identify some prominent good features, and try to analyze English Teaching Materials in Middle Schools based on 20 features of good materials taken from Tomlinson (1998b);2. Requirements: Analyze one of middle school English textbooks in the form of PPT, which co
47、ntains at least 20 pieces, together with the electronic version of text draft. Please hand in your ppt & draft to the head of class next Thursday. During the class of next week, some of you will share your assignment with the whole class.Prepare to give a 5-minute report of your discussion.,Good Fea
48、tures of New Standard English,以下内容为作业答案,Brief introduction about this book,Task-basedMain contents Topic and Task Grammar /functions Skills Culture /learning to learn vocabulary /Everyday English workbook,Three main good features,The material achieves impactThe material can help learners feel at eas
49、eThe material provides opportunities to use the target language to achieve communicative purpose,This material achieves impact through,Attractive presentationsNoveltyVarious text types,Attractive presentations,Use of photographs Attractive colors,So many photos!,Colorful,isnt it?,Novel Students lear
50、n something new about Different cultures Different subjects,Different cultures,Various text types,Email,News,Reports,Different subjects,The material can help learners feel at ease,Learn rather than test,Encourage personal participation through materials that relate the world of the learner to the wo
