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1、,ore,urriculum,新时代核心英语教程,写 作,2,17,UNIT,Using figurative language,Using figurative language,anticlimax 突降法climax 层进法distant/intermittent repetition 间隔反复figurative language 形象语言figure of speech 修辞格hyperbole 夸张immediate repetition 连续反复,Key Terms,irony 反语literal language 本义语言metaphor 暗喻metonymy 转喻person
2、ification 拟人repetition 反复simile 明喻synecdoche 提喻,Main Contents,Figures of association,Figures of arrangement,Figures of likeness,Figures of variance,2. Creating fresh and original figures of likeness,Difficult Points,1. Distinguishing simile and metaphor,Identify the figures of speech in the followin
3、g sentences.,Activity 1,1. I dont want to be a Frankenstein.,Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.,Activity 1,The speaker uses allusion to express the idea that he/she does not want to be a monster or one who creates a monster to kill himself/herself. (“Frankenstein” is the titl
4、e character in a novel (1818) by Mary W. Shelley; he is a young medical student who creates a monster that destroys him.),Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.,Activity 1,2. Professor: Order! Gentlemen, order!Students: Beer!,Identify the figures of speech in the following senten
5、ces.,Activity 1,The professor demands that the students not talk freely but listen to his lecture. The naughty students used the other meaning of the word “order,” that is, to ask for something in a bar or in a restaurant. Pun is used here.,Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.,
6、Activity 1,3. The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself.,Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.,Activity 1,Antithesis is used here.,Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.,Activity 1,4.
7、 Till a the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun;I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o life shall run.,Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.,Activity 1,The phrase “my dear” is repeated twice. Repetition is used.In the other parts, hyperbole is used.,I
8、dentify the figures of speech in the following sentences.,Activity 1,5. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark and lament
9、able catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory. Victory at all costsVictory in spite of all terrorVictory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.,Identify the figures of speech in the following
10、sentences.,Activity 1,“You ask, what is”, “to wage war,” and “victory” are repeated; “By sea, land and air” is parallelism;“at all costs”, “in spite of all terror,” and “however long and hard the road may be” form the effect of climax;“The road to victory” is a metaphor.,Figures of likeness,Figures
11、of likeness,Figures of likeness are the most frequently used figures of speech.Two objects must be basically unlike, and similar in one or more particulars, in order to form a figure of likeness.,Figures of likeness,Simile is a major figurative device which makes an explicit comparison between two e
12、ssentially different elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common by the use of such words as like or as.,Simile,A simile is usually introduced by words like as and like to make a comparison.A simile must include two compared elements: the literal term, the tenorthe figurative te
13、rm, the vehicle,Characteristics of simile,The tenor and the vehicle must be different in essence.The tenor and the vehicle must have at least one quality or characteristic in common, which forms the ground of comparison.,Characteristics of simile,The following are the frequently used patterns. Note
14、that X stands for the literal term, while Y stands for the figurative term.X is like Y.Xas Y.Xasas Y.As Y, soX,Patterns of simile,X is to A what Y is to B.Xas if Y.X isthan Y.X surpasses Y.,Metaphor makes an implicit comparison between two different elements in order to clarify our understanding of
15、one of them.What all metaphors have in common is that they do not announce the fact that they are making comparisons.,Metaphor,Like simile, metaphor also includes two compared elements.The tenor and the vehicle of a metaphor must be basically different and must have at least one quality or character
16、istic in common.,Characteristics of metaphor,Unlike a simile, a metaphor does not need such words and expressions as like, as, and as if.,Characteristics of metaphor,Simile: Life is like a river.Metaphor: Life is a river.,Metaphor can be used in various forms.full-length metaphorcompressed metaphore
17、xtended metaphor,Forms of metaphor,In a full-length metaphor, both the tenor and the vehicle appear in the sentence.X is Y.Y of XX and Y in appositionX or Y as the modifier,Full-length metaphor,The metaphor states only one term of the comparison, leaving the other implicit.Compressed metaphors usual
18、ly take the form of verbs because verbs have rich metaphorical possibilities.,Compressed metaphor,An extended metaphor is a metaphor developed by a number of different figurative expressions, extending perhaps over several sentences, or over an entire poem, or throughout an entire text, and involvin
19、g several tenors and vehicles.,Extended metaphor,Personification is a special subtype of metaphor which gives human attributes to inanimate things, ideas, or non-human creatures.Personification is especially popular in literary works to create vivid images for readers.,Personification,The following
20、are more examples of personification.,Personification,The moon played hide and seek with the clouds.The stairs groaned as we walked on them.,An effective figure of likeness has three properties: freshness and originalityconsistencyappropriateness,Effective use of figures of likeness,Stale similes an
21、d metaphors are those that we have heard or read so often that they have lost their flavor and originality.,Use fresh and original figures of likeness,white as snowpretty as a picturespend money like water cunning as a foxpoor as a church mouse,He was a lion in the battle.The ship of the nation is o
22、n the rocks.She is a peacock.,A mixed metaphor may include two or more different metaphors and ultimately make the metaphors confusing.,Avoid mixed figures of likeness,Mixed: Students flocked into the corridor like an avalanche.,Using figures of likeness appropriately means that the two items being
23、compared must match in sense and have appropriate associations.,Avoid strained figures of likeness,Strained: Some of the things those people say just make my hair crawl.(The vehicle crawl is incongruous with the tenor hair. Hair does not crawl like a snake.)Revised: Some of the things those people s
24、ay just make my hair stand on end.,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.,Activity 2,1. The topic of pain relievers seems clouded in a sea of medical terminologies.,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sente
25、nces.,Activity 2,“Clouded” is something about the weather, while “in a sea of medical terminologies” is something about the ocean. Revised: The topic of pain relievers seems drowned in a sea of medical terminologies. Revised: The topic of pain relievers seems clouded in a fog of medical terminologie
26、s.,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.,Activity 2,2. The seeds of rebellion were kindled in secret.,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.,Activity 2,“The seeds” is something about plants, while
27、“kindle” is something about fire. Revised: The flames of rebellion were kindled in secret.,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.,Activity 2,3. One must not drop anchor until one is out of the woods.,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures
28、 of likeness in the following sentences.,Activity 2,“Anchor” is a device on a ship, while the dependent clause talks about “the woods.”Revised: One must not drop anchor until one reaches the shore.,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.,Activity 2,4
29、. Who knows what potholes may lie in the uncharted seas as you scale new peaks?,Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.,Activity 2,“Potholes” and “peaks” are something on the ground, not in the sea.Revised: Who knows what storms may appear in the unc
30、harted seas as you explore new waters?,Read the following sonnet by William Shakespeare and identify the figures of likeness in it.,Activity 3,1. Shall I compare thee to a summers day?simile,Read the following sonnet by William Shakespeare and identify the figures of likeness in it.,Activity 3,2. So
31、metime too hot the eye of heaven shines, metaphor and personification: the sun,Read the following sonnet by William Shakespeare and identify the figures of likeness in it.,Activity 3,3. And often is his gold complexion dimmd; metaphor and personification: sunlight,Read the following sonnet by Willia
32、m Shakespeare and identify the figures of likeness in it.,Activity 3,Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,personification,Figures of association,Figures of association,Figures of association refer to the class of figures in which something associated with another thing is used as a substi
33、tution.Two main categories fall under figures of association: metonymysynecdoche,Figures of association,Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.,Metonymy,The crown has lost much of its ancient power.The buses in Americ
34、a are on strike now.,Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to signify the whole or the whole a part.Specifically, there are four categories of synecdoche.,Synecdoche,Category 1: A part for the whole or the opposite,Synecdoche,He paid the workers 12 dollars per head. (
35、head instead of person)In the second half, Spain had three good chances to score but missed. (Spain instead of the Spanish team),Category 2: The general class for a specific member of that class or the opposite,Synecdoche,Machines winning people is a common topic in science fiction movies. (machines
36、 instead of computers with artificial intelligence)He earned his bread by doing odd jobs. (bread instead of food),Category 3: The material for an object composed of that material,Synecdoche,I have no change with me for the bus fee. You have any coppers?(coppers instead of coins made of copper)She is
37、 wearing silk. (silk instead of a dress made of silk),Category 4: The container for whats contained or the opposite,Synecdoche,The pot is boiling. (the pot instead of the soup in the pot)He asked for a juice. (a juice instead of a glass of juice),Identify the figures of association in the following
38、sentences.,Activity 4,1. The tongue is mightier than the sword.metonymy,Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.,Activity 4,2. The Wall Street was glad to see this happening.metonymy,Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.,Activity 4,3. Were under attac
39、k! All hands on deck!synecdoche,Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.,Activity 4,4. The town is now having more and more gray hairs.synecdoche,Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.,Activity 4,5. The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.synecd
40、oche & metonymy,Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.,Activity 4,6. He finished the cup with one gulp.synecdoche,Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.,Activity 4,7. Great minds think alike.synecdoche,Identify the figures of association in the follo
41、wing sentences.,Activity 4,8. The company voiced its willingness to establish closer relationships with advanced manufacturers.metonymy,Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.,Activity 4,9. Hundreds of eager faces waited to greet friends and relatives at the airport.synecdoch
42、e,Figures of arrangement,Figures of arrangement,Under this category fall many of the traditional figures of speech such as rhyme, parallelism, repetition, antithesis, climax, and anticlimax.,Figures of arrangement,Words, phrases, and clauses are usually repeated for emphasis, coherence, or aesthetic
43、 effect.,Repetition,In immediate repetition, words, phrases, or clauses may be repeated in immediate succession for any required number of times.,Immediate repetition,The president said, “Work, work, and work are the keys to success.”None but the brave,None but the brave,None but the brave deserves
44、the fair.,Distant or intermittent repetition refers to another kind of repetition in which the repeated words, phrases, or sentences are separated by other words, phrases, or sentences.initial repetitionend repetitionrepetition in other intermittent positions,Distant/Intermittent repetition,Climax,C
45、limax is the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing importance.,It is about time we realized that many women make better teachers than mothers, better actresses than wives, and better diplomats than cooks.,Identify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.,Acti
46、vity 5,1. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.climax,Identify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.,Activity 5,2. Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.repetition,I
47、dentify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.,Activity 5,3. They have left their secure congregations and walked the streets of Albany, Georgia, with us. They have gone down the highways of the South on tortuous rides for freedom. Yes, they have gone to jail with us.climax,Identify
48、the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.,Activity 5,4. The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.repetition,Identify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.,Activity 5,5. I want a wife wh
49、o will not bother me with rambling complaints about a wifes duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have come across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.repetition,Figure
50、s of variance,Figures of variance,Figures of variance include a variety of figures in which something else is meant rather than what is literally said.ironyhyperbole,Figures of variance,Irony,The irony we discuss here refers to verbal irony where the intended meaning is different from or opposite to
