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1、神经传导通路 Nervous Pathways,中枢神经系统 Central Nervous System,Human Anatomy,神经传导通路中枢神经系统 Central Nervous,Central Nervous System Section 3 The Nervous Pathways,Central Nervous System Sectio,General Description Nervous pathways are routes formed by chains of neurons.They are classified into:Sensory pathways(a
2、scending)&Motor pathways(descending).,General Description,Receptor,Effector,Centre,Efferent,Afferent,Reflex Arc,Int,Ext Environment,Higher Centre,Responses,Receptor EffectorCentreEffer,In most sensory pathways there are three orders of neurons involved:Lower sensory neurons-the ganglia Intermediate
3、neurons-the spinal cord or brain stem Upper sensory neurons-the thalamus,spinothalamicpathway,(Deep and Superficial sensory,Visual and Acoustic Pathways),I.感觉传导路 Sensory(ascending)Pathway,In most sensory pathways t,1st neurons,2nd neurons,3rd neurons,1st neurons 2nd neurons 3rd,)Deep sensory(or prop
4、rioceptive)pathways,Proprioceptive including:(1)the sensations of body posture(2)the movement(3)the vibration(4)the fine touch sensation-two-point discrimination,)Deep sensory(or proprioce,1.躯干四肢意识性深感觉传导路 The conscious deep sensory pathways of trunk and limbs,receptors,muscle,tendon,periosteum,joint
5、,and skin,peripheral processes,spinal nerve,spinal ganglia,1st neurons,fasciculus gracilis&cuneatus,central processes,posterior funiculus,2nd neurons,gracile&cuneate nuclei,decussation of lemniscus&medial lemnisci,ventroposterior lateral nucleus,3rd neurons,posterior limb of internal capsule,thalamo
6、cortical tract,brain stem,postcentral gyrus,posterior part of paracentral lobule and precentral gyrus,1.躯干四肢意识性深感觉传导路 The conscious,Spinal ganglion 1neuron,Fasciculus gracilis,Fasciculus cuneatus,Gracile&cuneate nuclei2neuron,Decussation of medial lemniscus,Medial lemniscus,VPL 3neurons,Central thal
7、amic radiation,T4,up,down,postcentral gyrus,posterior part of paracentral lobule and precentral gyrus,Conscious deep sensory pathways of trunk and limbs,Spinal ganglion Fasciculus gr,Lesion&Appearance,(1),(2),(1)Interruption of pathways by lesions below level of decussation numbness on the affected
8、side of body below the lesion level(2)Interruption above level of decussation-hemianesthesia on the opposite side of the body,Lesion&Appearance(1)(2)(,Dorsal column damage,dorsal column LHSLoss of sense,Appearance of Dorsal Column Damage Sensory ataxia Patient staggers cannot perceive position or mo
9、vement of legs Visual clues help movement,Appearance of Dorsal Column Da,2.躯干四肢非意识性深感觉传导路 The unconscious deep sensory pathways of trunk and limbs,muscle,tendon,periosteum,and joint,receptors,peripheral processes,spinal nerve,spinal ganglia,1st neurons,central processes,dorsal roots,thoracic N.and i
10、ntermedio-medial N.,2nd neurons,anterior or posterior spinocerebellar tracts,superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles,paleocerebellum or spinocerebellum,to maintain the coordination movement and equilibrium and appropriate posture of the body,3.The deep sensory pathway of head and face The exact r
11、oute of this pathway is still not known.,No 3rd neuron to cortex,hence unconscious,(Carries unconscious proprioception signals),2.躯干四肢非意识性深感觉传导路 The unconsci,Unconscious proprioceptive pathway,Spinal ganglion,Posterior spinocerebellar tract,Anterior Spinocerebellartract,Lamina-,Inferior cerebellar p
12、eduncle,Superior cerebellar peduncle,Nucleus thoracicus,up,down,Paleocerebellum,Unconscious proprioceptive p,Lesion&Appearance,Cerebellar ataxia Clumsy movements Incoordination of the limbs(intention tremor)Wide-based,reeling gait(ataxia)Alcoholic intoxication produces similar effects!,Lesion&Appear
13、ance Cerebell,)Superficial sensory pathways,(pain,thermal,rude tactile,and pressure sensation),Primary somatosensory cortex(S1),Thalamus(Intralaminar and VP nuclei),Medulla,Spinothalamic tract,Spinal cord,Small sensory fibres:Pain,temperature,some touch and pressure sensation,)Superficial sensory pa
14、thwa,receptors,skin,spinal nerve,peripheral processes,spinal ganglia,1st neurons,central processes,nucleus proprius lamina I.IV.V.,2nd neurons,cross to opposite side,anterior white commissure,lateral&anterior spinothalamic tract,lateral funiculus runs up to brain stem,3rd neurons,VPL,postcentral gyr
15、us,posterior part of paracentral lobule,posterior limb of internal capsule,thalamocortical tract,1.躯干四肢浅感觉传导路 The superficial sensory pathways of trunk and limbs,dorsal roots Lissauers fasciculus asend 12 segments,receptors skinspinal nerve per,Spinal ganglia1neuron,nucleus proprius Lamina,2neuron,L
16、ateral spinothalamic tract,anterior spinothalamic tract,Spinal lemniscus,VPL 3neurons,Central thalamic radiation,up,down,Superficial sensory pathways of trunk and limbs,postcentral gyrus&posterior part of paracentral lobule,Spinal ganglianucleus,Impulses transmitted to spinal cord by Myelinated A ne
17、rves:fast pain(80 m/s)Unmyelinated C nerves:slow pain(0.4 m/s),Impulses ascend to somatosensory cortex via:Spinothalamic pathway(fast pain)Reticular formation(slow pain),nociceptornociceptorA nerveC,*Lesion and Appearance,(1)Interruption of pathways by lesions at anterior white commissure to causes
18、Symmetrical hypesthesia(2)Interruption of pathways by lesions in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Brown-Sequard Syndrome(3)Interruption of pathways by lesions in the internal capsule to causes Hemihypesthesia,(1),(2),(3),*Lesion and Appearance(1)Inte,Spinothalamic damage,Spinothalamic damage
19、spinothala,Brown-Sequard Syndrome,Brown-Sequard Syndrome,receptors,skin mucosa,sensory branches of trigeminal nerve,peripheral processes,trigeminal ganglion,1st neurons,central processes,spinal nucleus&pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.,2nd neurons,cross to opposite side,3rd neurons,VPM,inferior part
20、of postcentral gyrus,posterior limb of internal capsule,thalamocortical tract,sensory root of trigeminal n.spinal tract of trigeminal n.,to join trigeminal lemniscus,2.头面部的浅感觉传导路 The superficial sensory pathways of head and face,receptors skin mucosa sensory,Trigeminal ganglion1neuron,Pontine nucleu
21、s of V 2neuron,Spinal nucleus of V 2neuron,Trigeminal lemniscus,Spinal tract of trigeminal n.,VPM 3neurons,Central thalamic radiation,up,down,pain,temperature and simple touch pathway of head and face,Trigeminal ganglion Pontine nu,*Lesion and Appearance,(1)Interruption of pathways by lesions at tri
22、geminal n.,trigeminal ganglion,trigeminal root,and spinal tract&spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.(2)Interruption of pathways by lesions in trigeminal lemniscus,VPM,internal capsule(thalamocortical tract),and inferior part of postcentral gyrus,(1),(2),*Lesion and Appearance(1)Inte,)Visual pathways,Opti
23、c nerve,Optic tract,Lateral geniculate nucleus,Optic radiation,Optic chiasm,Primary visual cortex,)Visual pathwaysOptic nerveO,人体剖学神经传导通路课件,1.视觉传导路 The visual pathway,receptors,rod&cone cells,external layer of retina,peripheral processes,bipolar cells,1st neurons,central processes,ganglionic cells,2
24、nd neurons,optic nerve optic chiasma optic tract,3rd neurons,lateral geniculate body,both banks of the calcarine sulcus,posterior limb of internal capsule,optic radiation,middle layer of retina,decussation of fibers from nasal halves of retina,innermost layer of retina,axons optic disc,visual area,1
25、.视觉传导路 The visual pathwayrec,Visual pathway,Visual area,Optic nerve,Optic chiasma,Optic tract,Lateral geniculate body,Optic radiation,Visual pathwayVisual areaOpti,*Lesion and Appearance,Interruption of pathways by lesions in:1.Optic nerve 2.Optic chiasma-pituitary tumor 3.Optic tract,Lateral genicu
26、late body,and Optic radiation,Complete blindness,Bitemporal hemianopia,hemianopia of opposite halves of both visual fields,A,B,C,*Lesion and AppearanceInterrup,2.瞳孔对光反射通路 The pathway of pupillary reflexes,postganglionic fibers,Retina,axons of retinal ganglion cells,Optic nerve,Optic chiasma,Both opt
27、ic tract,decussation of fibers from nasal halves,brachium of superior colliculus,Pretectal area,E-W nucleus,to both side,Oculomotor n.,Ciliary ganglion,Sphincter of pupils,preganglionic fibers,to form,2.瞳孔对光反射通路 The pathway of pup,Pretectal area,E-W nucleus,Occculomotor n.,Ciliary ganglia,Sphincter
28、pupil muscle,Pathway of pupillary reflexes,Pretectal area E-W nucleusOccc,Light shone on retina of one eye causes both pupils to constrict normally Response in Stimulated eye-direct pupillary light reflex Opposite eye-indirect pupillary light reflex1.Optic nerve damage To disappear direct pupillary
29、light reflex To be present indirect pupillary light reflex 2.Oculomotor nerve damage Both to disappear direct pupillary light reflex&indirect pupillary light reflex,*Lesion and Appearance,1,2,Light shone on retina of one e,visual center,light,pretectal area,E-W nucleus,light reflex,lateral genicular
30、 body,(area 17),sphincter of iris,retina,two sides,posterior limb of internal capsule,visual radiation,cone&rod cells,Bipolar cells,Ganglionic cells,Optic N,Optic chiasma,Optic tract,Summary for visual pathway,visual centerlightpretectal ar,IV)Acoustic(or auditory)pathway,IV)Acoustic(or auditory)p,听
31、觉传导路 The visual pathway,receptors,spiral organ(Cortis organ)in internal ear,bipolar cells,peripheral processes,cochlear ganglion,1st neurons,central processes,cochlear nuclei,2nd neurons,terminate directly or indirectly to,3rd neurons,medial geniculate body,both transverse temporal gyri,posterior li
32、mb of internal capsule,acoustic radiation,cochlear nerve,both side fibers(decussed&undecussed fibers),acoustic center,trapezoid body,lateral lemniscus,听觉传导路 The visual pathwayrecept,Bipolar neuron of cochlear ganglion,Cochlear nerve,Cochlear nuclei,Trapezoid body,Lateral lemniscus,Medial geniculate
33、body,Acoustic radiation,Transverse temporal gyrus,Auditory pathway,Spiral organ,Because acoustic center on one side receives fibers from bilateral cochlear nuclei,damage to ipsilateral acoustic paths does not cause a hearing defect.,Bipolar neuron of Cochlear ner,joining medial longitudinal fascicul
34、us,joining vestibulospinal tract,Vestibular nucleus,)Equilibratory pathway,Oculomotornucleus,Trochlearnucleus,Abducentnucleus,Accessorynucleus,joining medial longitudinal,receptors,cristae ampullares,maculae of utricle and saccule,bipolar cells,peripheral processes,vestibular ganglion,1st neurons,ce
35、ntral processes,vestibular nucleus,2nd neurons,vestibular nerve,axons are grouped into five courses:,joining medial longitudinal fasciculus fibers end in oculomotor,abducent,trochlear nuclei,and anterior horn cells of upper cervical cord,joining vestibulospinal tract to anterior horn cells of spinal
36、 cord,entering cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle,connecting with reticular formation of brain stem,vagus and glossopharyngeal nuclei,connecting with temporal,parietal and frontal cortex of hemisphere,平衡觉传导路 The equilibratory pathway,receptors cristae ampullares,Equilibratory pathway,Equili
37、bratory pathway,II.运动传导路 Motor(descending)Pathway(Including pyramidal and extrapyramidal),II.运动传导路 Motor(descending)Pa,It is concerned with voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.It is composed of two orders of neurons-upper and lower motor neurons.It is to form Corticonuclear tract&Corticospinal tr
38、act,Upper motor neurons Giant pyramidal cells(Betzs cells)&Other pyramidal cells located-precentral gyrus¶central lobule,)The pyramidal system,It is concerned with volun,Lower motor neurons(1)Cranial motor nuclei of brain stem,Lower motor neurons,(2)Anterior horn motor cells of spinal cord,(2)An
39、terior horn motor cells,The Corticospinal Tract,The Corticospinal Tract,1.皮质脊髓束 Corticospinal Tract,upper motor neuron,Superior,middle parts of precentral gyrus&Paracentral lobule,skeletal muscles of trunk and limbs,Effector,posterior limb of internal capsule intermediate 3/5 of crus cerebri basilar
40、 part of pons pyramid of medulla oblongata,Pyramidal tract-Corticospinal tract,7090%of tract crosses to opposite side to form pyramidal decussatlon lateral corticospinal tract(lateral funiculus),(anterior funiculus)anterior corticospinal tract smaller part of crossed fibers of tract,Lower motor neur
41、on,Anterior horn motor cells of spinal cord,spinal nerve,1.皮质脊髓束 Corticospinal Tractup,Corticospinal tract,Decussation of pyramid,Lateral corticospinal tract,Anterior corticospinal tract,upper motor neuron,Lower motor neuron,Corticospinal Tract,Corticospinal tractDecussatio,The Corticonuclear Tract,
42、The Corticonuclear Tract,2.皮质核束 Corticonuclear Tract,upper motor neuron,Pyramidal neurons in Inferior part of precentral gyrus,skeletal muscles of head and neck,Effector,genu of internal capsule brain stem to bilateral oculomotor,trochlear,trigeminal motor,ambiguus,accessory nuclei and superior part
43、 of facial nucleus,Pyramidal tract,Lower motor neuron,Cranial motor nuclei,corresponding cranial nerves,and to contralateral hypoglossal nucleus and inferior part of facial nucleus,Corticonuclear tract,2.皮质核束 Corticonuclear Tractup,Oculomotor Nucleus,Trochlear Nucleus,Trigeminal Motor Nucleus,Abduce
44、nt Nucleus,Sup.part of Facial Nucleus,Inf.part of Facial Nucleus,Ambiguus Nucleus,Accessory Nucleus,Hypoglossal Nucleus,Corticonuclear Tract,Oculomotor Nucleus Trochl,Infranuclear paralysis-Injury of unilateral facial nerve or hypoglossal nerve Paralysis of homolateral facial muscles and glossal mus
45、cles,Supranuclear paralysis-Injury of unilateral corticonuclear tract Paralysis of contralateral glossal muscles and facial muscles below palpebral fissure,Supranuclear paralysis,Infranuclear paralysis,Infranuclear paralysis-Inju,Infranuclear paralysis-Injury of unilateral(left)facial nerve,Infranuc
46、lear paralysis,Lesion for pyramidal system,1.Uni-paralysis(cerebral paralysis)Motor Area 2.Alternate Paralysis Brain Stem(1)Alternating oculomotor hemiplegia-Webers syndrome(2)Alternating abducent hemiplegia(3)Alternating hypoglossal hemiplegia3.Paraplegia-Spinal Cord 4.Infantile Paralysis-Anterior
47、horn motor cells of spinal cord,1.cerebral paralysis,2.alternate paralysis,3.paraplegia,4.infantile Paralysis,Lesion for pyramidal system1.,5.Capsular Hemiplegia,5.Capsular Hemiplegia,Alternating Hemiplegia,Alternating Hemiplegia,Brown-Sequard Syndrome,Brown-Sequard Syndrome,Pyramidal system,Pyramid
48、al tract,Upper motor neurons,Inferior motor neurons,effectors,Paralysis,Tonicity,Tendon reflex,Pathologic reflex(Babinski sign),Muscle atrophy,spastic(hard)paralysis,flaccid(soft)paralysis,(+),No(in short period),(),Yes(下神经元不断发放冲动 保证肌肉的营养代谢),Interruption of reflex arc,锥体束对下神经元 的抑制性影响消失,disappear,Mot
49、or area,Lesion for pyramidal system,Peripheral nerves Somatic motor F.,Pyramidal systemPyramidal trac,Increased,Signs of Upper Motor Neuron(U,)The extrapyramidal system,1.The definition:descending pathways except pyramidal system,2.The features:,发生古老,多次中继,联系复杂,形成若干反馈通路,3.The functions:,Regulate the
50、tonicity of the muscles Coordinate the muscular activity Maintain the normal posture Produce habitual and rhythmic movement,4.The constituent for extrapyramidal system:The cortico-neostriatum-dorsalthalamic circuit The neostriatum-substantia nigra circuit The corticopoto-cerebellum-cortex circuit,)T
