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1、Qingming Festival,Outline-概要,Brief introduction-简介Origin-起源Customs-习俗Problems-问题（引起的）New way-新的悼念方式Vocabulary-关于清明的相关词汇,Brief introduction-简介,清明节是一个纪念祖先的节日。主要的纪念仪式是扫墓，扫墓是慎终追远、郭亲睦邻及行孝的具体表现；基于上述意义，清明节因此成为华人的重要节日。清明节是在仲春和暮春之交，April 4-6 each year 也就是冬至后的106天。扫墓活动通常是在清明节的前十天或后十天。有些地域的人士的扫墓活动长达一个月。清明最开始是一
2、个很重要的节气，清明一到，气温升高，正是春耕春种的大好时节，故有“清明前后，种瓜种豆”。“植树造林，莫过清明”的农谚。后来，由于清明与寒食Cold Food的日子接近，而寒食是民间禁火扫墓的日子，渐渐的，寒食与清明就合二为一了，而 寒食既成为清明的别称，也变成为清明时节的一个习俗，清明之日不动烟火，只吃凉的食。,Origin-起源,Its origin dates back to the Spring andAutumn Period.Jin prince Chonger ranaway from the country with hissupporters due to persecutio
3、n.They werehomeless for 19 years and things got sobad that Chonger began to starve todeath.One of the princes faithful followers,Jie Zitui,cut a piece of muscle from his own leg and served it to his master.Chonger was saved and,in 636 BC,he took back the throne.清明节可以追溯到春秋时代。晋国公子重耳因受到迫害，率其支持者出逃。19年间，
4、他们居无定所，漂泊四方。一次，他们的处境相当窘迫，重耳饿得快不行了。这时，忠心耿耿的介子推从自己的腿上割下一块肉献给了重耳，公子重耳得救了。公元前636年，他夺回了王位。,He rewarded the officials who had stayed loyal to him but he forgot about Jie Zitui.By the time Chonger remembered him,a heartbroken Jie Zitui had traveled deep into the mountains.Chonger wanted to persuade Jie to
5、come home,so he had the hills set on fire.But Jie was later found beside a large tree,with his old mother on his back.Both were dead.即位之后，重耳对支持者大加封赏，却忘记了介子推。等到想起这位忠臣时，伤心的介子推早已遁入山林深处。重耳想逼他回来，所以就大火焚山。后来，在一棵大树旁边发现了背着老母的介子推。两人都被烧死了。Saddened by the tragedy,Chonger ordered that fires could not be lit on t
6、he day of Jie Zituis death.From this comes Hanshi Day,or Cold Food Day.People visited Jie Zituis tomb the next day to pay their respects.Over time,Hanshi Day was replaced with Tomb-sweeping Day.重耳悲痛欲绝。他下令，在介子推的忌日不准生火。寒食节即来源于此。寒食节的次日，人们到介子推的坟头上致敬。,Activities-活动方式,荡秋千 是我国古代清明节习俗。打秋千不仅可以增进健康，而且可以培养勇敢精神
7、，至今为人们特别是儿童所喜爱。蹴鞠 是用足去踢球。这是古代清明节时人们喜爱的一种游戏。相传是黄帝发明的，最初目的是用来训练武士。踏青又叫春游。古时叫探春、寻春等。三月清明，春回大地，自然界到处呈现一派生机勃勃的景象，正是郊游的大好时光。我国民间长期保持着清明踏青的习惯。植树清明前后，种植树苗成活率高，成长快。因此，自古以来，我国就有清明植树的习惯。有人还把清明节叫作“植树节”。植树风俗一直流传至今。放风筝 也是清明时节人们所喜爱的活动。每逢清明时节，人们不仅白天放，夜间也放。夜里在风筝下或风稳拉线上挂上一串串彩色的小灯笼，象闪烁的明星，被称为“神灯”。过去，有的人把风筝放上蓝天后，便剪断牵线，
8、任凭清风把它们送往天涯海角，据说这样能除病消灾，给自己带来好运。扫墓 清明扫墓，是对祖先的“思时之敬”。插柳 杨柳有强大的生命力，俗话说：“有心栽花花不开，无心插柳柳成荫。”柳条插土就活，插到哪里，活到哪里，年年插柳，处处成阴。,Flying kites 放风筝,Flying kites is an activity favored by many people during the Qingming Festival.古人认为，放飞的风筝可以带走邪气与晦气,cu ju 蹴鞠,鞠是一种皮球（leather ball)，球皮用皮革做成，球内用毛塞紧。蹴鞠，就是用足去踢球。这是古代清明节时人们喜爱
9、的一种游戏。相传是黄帝发明的。,Springing Outing-踏青,踏青又叫春游。古时叫探春、寻春等。四月清明，春回大地，自然界到处呈现一派生机勃勃的景象，正是郊游的大好时光中国民间长期保持着清明踏青的习惯。,人间四月天 花开满人间,Tomb Sweeping 扫墓,清明扫墓，扫墓俗称上坟，祭祀死者的一种活动。汉族和一些少数民族大多都是在清明节扫墓。由于清明与寒食的日子接近，而寒食是民间禁火扫墓的日子，渐渐的，寒食与清明就合二为一了。按照旧的习俗，扫墓时，人们要携带酒食果品、纸钱等物品到墓地，将食物供祭在亲人墓前，再将纸钱焚化，为坟墓培上新土，折几枝嫩绿的新枝插在坟上，然后叩头行礼祭拜，最
10、后吃掉酒食回家。,Swing 荡秋千,这是我国古代清明节习俗。秋千，意即揪着皮绳而迁移。它的历史很古老，最早叫千秋，后为了避忌讳，改为秋千。古时的秋千多用树桠枝为架，再栓上彩带做成。后来逐步发展为用两根绳索加上踏板的秋千。打秋千不仅可以增进健康，而且可以培养勇敢精神。荡秋千可以驱除百病，而且荡得越高，象征生活过得越美好。,Planting trees 植树,Planting willow Trees 插柳,Because Jie Zitui died embracing a willow tree,the willow is believed to have powers against ev
11、il.,15,The sweet green rice ball is a Qingming Festival(Tomb Sweeping Day)food popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces.It is also a must-have offering at ancestral rituals in the south of the Yangtze River.Like glutinous rice dumpling,Qingtuan is made from glutinous rice and stuffed with red bean
12、paste.The difference is that squeezed wormwood or brome grass is used in the making of wrapper.清明时节，江南一带有吃青团子的风俗习惯。青团子是用艾叶(也可以用其他绿色菜叶代替)捣烂后挤压出汁，接着取用这种汁同晾干后的水磨纯糯米粉拌匀揉和，然后开始制作团子。团子的馅心是用细腻的糖豆沙制成。（青团油绿如玉，糯韧绵软，清香扑鼻，吃起来甜而不腻。虽然青团今年也涨价了，但是青团的销售期就只有清明前后一个月左右的时间，所以爱吃甜食的童鞋们抓紧时间咯！）,Sweet Green Rice Ball 青团,Qing
13、ming Fruit 清明果,Qingming fruit(or Qingming guo).It looks like dumplings in shape,but tastes different from dumplings.The wrapper of Qingming fruit is made from squeezed wormwood,rice and glutinous rice.Finally,it is stuffed with bean filling and cooked by steaming.Aside from sweet fillings,people als
14、o use diced bacon,dried bamboo shoot,diced mushroom and dried beancurd as substitutes.清明果，形状有些像饺子，但味却截然不同。清明果的皮是一种叫艾的植物做成的，将艾叶捣烂与米粉搅伴在一起，做成碧绿色的面团，鲜嫩欲滴。清明果的馅也是很讲究的，制作精细。有熏肥肠伴芥菜末的，有豆腐干和着韭菜的，还有其他各类美味的搭配。清明包果包起来和包饺子有异曲同工之效，但包清明果似乎更精致些，那褶折得就像花边一样。,Sanzi 馓子,Sanzi 馓子 Eating Sanzi(or deep-fried dough twist)
15、on Qingming Festival is a convention throughout China.Sanzi is a kind of fried food.People called it cold food in the old days.我国南北各地清明节有吃馓子的食俗。“馓子”为一油炸食品，香脆精美，古时叫“寒具”。,Spiral Shell 清明螺,The Qingming Festival is the right time for eating spiral shell.Spiral shell is abundant in this season.清明时节，正是采食螺
16、蛳的最佳时令，因这个时节螺蛳还未繁殖，最为丰满、肥美。,Wuren Rice 乌稔饭,Wuren rice is common for She Nationality,who mainly live in East Fujian,including Fuzhou and Ningde.On the Tomb-sweeping Day,every family will cook Wuren Fan and exchange the food with each other as a present.Wuren Rice is made from glutinous rice and leave
17、s of vaccinium bracteatum or Wuren tree.关于清明食俗，不能不提到畲家的“乌稔饭”，因为闽东是畲族聚居地。每年三月初三，畲族人家家户户煮“乌稔饭”，并馈赠汉族的亲戚朋友，久而久之，当地的汉族人民也有了清明时食“乌稔饭”的习俗。,Spring-pancake 春饼,Spring-pancake or chunbing is a traditional Chinese food unique to the northern regions.Eating spring pancakes is a customary way to celebrate the co
18、ming of spring.Spring pancakes are the low-budget vegetarians version of Peking duck.The pancake is slightly thicker than those used for duck,and it is seasoned with not only savory brown sauce and spring onions,but also piled with any combination of a plentiful selection of stir-fried and marinated
19、 dishes,before being rolled up tight for spill-free eating.其实北京没什么特别的清明食物，但有一样食物贯穿北京人整个春天，直到清明。每年立春日，北京人都要吃春饼，名曰“咬春”，一咬咬到二月二龙抬头，再一咬就咬到了清明。春饼饼皮比烤鸭饼皮要大，并且有韧性，更有嚼劲儿。卷的多是几种家常炒菜，通常为肉丝炒豆芽韭芽、肉丝炒菠菜、醋烹绿豆芽、素炒粉丝、摊葱花鸡蛋等。,Date Cake 枣糕,枣糕又叫“子推饼”，北方一些地方用酵糟发面，夹枣蒸食。他们还习惯将枣饼制成飞燕形，用柳条串起挂在门上，可以冷食，以纪念介子推不求名利的高尚品质。,Bambo
20、o Shoots in Spring 春笋,三月细雨绵绵，正是春笋的好时节。春笋贵在鲜，贵在清新淋漓。南方最常见的做法是“腌笃鲜”，咸肉、火腿、春笋在一起煮，既是汤，又是一道菜。要是想吃得浓烈一些，则是油焖笋，重油重糖，焖得黄金透亮，不经意间，春笋成了荤菜，细品还有肉的质感。煨春笋：Bamboo Shoots Soup,Shepherds-purse 荠菜,辛弃疾写道：“城中桃李愁风雨，春在溪头荠菜花。”这是关于荠菜最美的诗，而我们大多数都是从小学习挖荠菜长大的，荠菜在很多人心中并不仅仅是普通的野菜那样简单，它代表着童年、故乡、旧时光。荠菜美食：荠菜馄饨：Shepherds Purse Won
21、ton荠菜黄鱼羹：Shepherds Purse and Croaker荠菜豆腐羹：Shepherds Purse with beancurd,It also brings many problems,All cemeteries are crowded with people who came to sweep tombs and offersacrifices.Traffic on the way to the cemeteries becomes extremely jammed.,Burning up a lot of paper,1Contaminate our air and wa
22、ter2Tombs take up a lot of space,26,online tribute 网上悼念,A new way to protect our home is being fashion.,有关清明节的词汇,memorial tablet 纪念碑willow branches inserted on each gate 门旁插柳online funeral 网上葬礼cremation urn 骨灰盒inhumation 土葬cremation 火葬sea-burial 海葬boat-coffin burial 船棺葬tree burial 树葬celestial burial
23、 天葬flower burials 花葬national mourning day 全国哀悼日,day of sacrifice 祭祀节日offer sacrifices to ancestors 祭祖/上供online tomb-sweeping 网上祭扫Internet memorial 网络纪念馆condolence 哀悼之情spirit money纸钱funeral supplies/products 殡葬用品funeral services 殡葬服务业mortician 殡仪业者burn incense 焚香gods lantern 神灯 Day of the Dead（亡灵节，墨西哥传统节日，人们通过守灵、上供等方式祭奠逝去的亲人。）,The end,Thank you for appreciating,
