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1、,第四讲,情态动词,modal verb,Olympics:He believes rowers could have done better.,A gold and two bronze is an amazing achievement but I think all of us would agree that if everything went our way we could have gone better,he said.,情态动词的特征 情态动词（modal verb)表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词本身虽有词义，但不完全，不能单独作谓语动词，只能和不带to的动词不定式连用，
2、一起构成谓语动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。,4.1 情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustnt;can/cant;need/neednt;may/maynt;might/mightnt;should/shouldnt；ought to等情态动词完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的,1.表示已经发生的情况。1）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定”。,如：My pain_ apparent the moment I walked into the room,for the
3、first man I met asked sympathetically：“Are you feeling all right?”A must be B had been C must have been D had to be,2）cant/couldnt have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没”。如：Mary _ my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.A couldnt have received B ought to have received C has received D shou
4、ldnt have received,3）may/might have+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许”。如:At Florida Powers Crystal River plant,a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.,2.表示虚拟语气 1)neednt have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于”didnt need to do”,译为“其实没必要”。如：You
5、neednt have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party,we _ so formally.A neednt dress up B did not need have dressed up C did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up,2）should have+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该”；should not+have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该”。如：I regret having left the
6、 work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。,3)ought to have+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译“该”，与should 的完成式含义类似。如：The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade（消防队）as soon as he saw the fire in the stock,which went up in smoke.,4)could
7、have+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以”。这点与ought/should/have+过去分词用法相似。如：What you said is right,but you could have phrased it more tactfully.,5)may/might have+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会”如：It might have been better to include more punchy强力的 statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further
8、assist first-time office automation managers.,4.2 情态动词+不定式进行式 情态动词+be+v-ing,表推测或评论 某动作现在是否正在进行 如:They shouldnt be watching TV now.They should be doing their homework.他们不该在家看电视。他们应该在做家庭作业才对。,4.3 情态动词+不定式完成进行时 情态动词+have been+v-ing，表推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。如:They shouldnt have been chatting then.They mu
9、st have been working then.那时他们不该在闲谈。他们一定一直在工作。,4.4 几个情态动词常考的句型：1.may/might(just)as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近；Since the flight was cancelled,you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。,2.cannot/canttoo“越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannotover.如：You cannot be too careful when
10、 you drive a car.驾车时候，越小心越好。,3.used not to 或didnt use to 为used to(do)的否定式。4.should 除了“应该”一层意思外，还要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.我无法想象他竟然这样做。,4.5 情态动词被动关系的主动表达法 1.want,require,worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。如：Your hair wants cutting.The book is worth reading.The floor
11、requires washing.,2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing，两种形式都表达被动的意义The house needs painting=the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing=the watch needed to be repaired.,Exercise Two,1.Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night,no matter what we_ durin
12、g the day.(四级题）A.should have done B.would have done C.may have done D.must have done必定做了（表示对过去的推测）研究结果表明，我们不论白天可能做什么，每天晚上都要用大约两个小时做梦。,2.Some women _ a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of family.(四级题）A.must make B.should have made C.would make D.c
13、ould have made(本能够；本来也可以),3.He _ another career but,at the time,he didnt have enough money to attend graduate school（研究所，研究院）.(六级题）A.might have chosen B.might choose C.had to choose D.must have chosen 他本来可能选择另一种职业，但是那是他没有足够的钱上研究生,答案,1.C.研究结果表明，我们不论白天可能做什么，每天晚上都要用大约两个小时做梦。2.D.有些妇女本来可以挣一份很好的工资，而不是待在家里
14、，但是为了家庭，她们决定不工作。3.A.他本来可能选择另一种职业，但是那是他没有足够的钱上研究生,Listening Practice,Listen to the following English song.Always on my mind Elvis Presley 提高对情态动词should have/could have/cant/等词的敏感度,Thank You,第五讲,代词及其指代一致,5.1 代词的指代 1.that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如,1）Conversation
15、 calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener,and it calls for occasional“digestive pauses”by both.这里that指代前面的the role。,2)No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.此处that指代前面的bread.,2.one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：
16、,A good writer is _ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that B he C one D this,3.do的替代作用do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：For him to be re-elected,what is essential is not that his policy works,but that the public believe that it does.,5.2 代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致 1.指示
17、代词的一致 指示代词that 和those 的用法之一是代替上文中的名词，此时，that和those 所对应的分别为单数形式的名词和复数形式的名词。,The diameter of this star is nearly ten times that of the Earth.这颗恒星的直径差不多是地球直径的十倍。Compare Chopins waltzes with those of today.将肖邦的华尔兹舞曲同今天的华尔兹舞曲进 行比较。,2.人称代词的一致 人称代词应该与它在句中所对应的名词或代词在数、人称、性、格等方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person sm
18、okes does some harm,and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.这里he指代前面的person。（人称的一致）,It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。,Our department was monitored by two supervi
19、sors,Bill and me.这里me必须用宾格形式。（格的一致）,3.不定代词的一致 1）当不定代词everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,no one 等作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格、和所有格形式，在正式文体中分别为he(or she),him(or her)和his(or her),在非正式文体中分别为they,them和their:如：,Anyone can do it if he or she tries/if they try.如果大家都肯试试，人人都能做的。If somebody call
20、s,tell him/them I am out.要是有人打电话来，告诉他/他们我出去了。Has everyone finished his or her/their drink?每个人都喝完酒了吗？,2）当不定代词one 作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式，在英国英语中分别为one,one和ones,在美国英语中分别为he,him和his:,If one wants to be a success,one/he must work diligently.想要成功，就必须勤奋工作。What ought one to do when a beggar asks one/him
21、for money?当一个乞丐向一个人讨钱时，这个人该怎么办？One should do ones/his duty.每个人都应当尽职。,3）当不定代词everything,something,anything,nothing等作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式分别为it,it和its:,Nothing has been damaged,has it?什么都没损坏，是不是？Something has happened,and I want you to tell me about it.出事了，我要你告诉我是怎么回事。Everything is good in its sea
22、son.当令果子趁鲜卖。,4）当具有单数和复数两种意义的集体名词作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式分别为it,it,its和they,them,their:,This committee is/are very proud of its/their achievements,isnt it/arent they?委员会对取得的成就感到自豪，是不是？The public says/say that nobody cares about it/them and its/their problems.公众认为没有人关心他们和他们的问题。,4.反身代词的一致 1）反身代词应该在人称和
23、数上与它所对应的名词或代词一致：如：You shouldnt always think of yourself.你不应该总为自己着想。The wounded horse could not raise itself from the ground.那批受伤的马无法从地上站起来。,2）当不定代词one 作主语时，与其对应的反身代词形式，在英国英语中为oneself,在美国英语中为himself.如：One should wash oneself/himself regularly.一个人应该经常洗澡。One cant enjoy oneself/himself if one/he is too
24、tired.一个人要是太疲劳就无法开心。,5.3 代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：1.邻近和靠近原则 由either or,neithernor,not onlybut(also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。,Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.If either David
25、or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink.,2.当no one,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything,nothing,something,everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如：,Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it,can he?Everything is ready,isnt it
26、?,3.当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如：They each have two coats.we are each responsible for his own family.,Exercise Four,1.The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _.A.of last years B.those of last years C.of those of last year D.that of last years报名参加今年马拉松赛的人数是去年的一半.,2.Anthropologists(A)investigate the customs of(B)different groups of people,particularly(C)that in(D)isolated areas.人类学家对不同群体的人的习俗进行调查研究,尤其是对那些住在与世隔绝的地区的人.,Thank you!,
