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1、,第四讲,代词及其指代一致,4.1代词的指代 4.1.1 that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如,1.Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener,and it calls for occasional“digestive pauses”by both.这里that指代前面的the role。,2.No bread eaten by men is so s
2、weet as that earned by his own labor.此处that指代前面的bread.,4.1.2 one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：,A good writer is _ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that B he C one D the one,4.1.3 do的替代作用do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：For him to be re-elected,what is essential is not
3、that his policy works,but that the public believe that it does.,4.2 代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致 4.2.1 指示代词的一致 指示代词that 和those 的用法之一是代替上文中的名词，此时，that和those 所对应的分别为单数形式的名词和复数形式的名词。,The diameter of this star is nearly ten times that of the Earth.这颗恒星的直径差不多是地球直径的十倍。Compare Chop
4、ins waltzes with those of today.将肖邦的华尔兹舞曲同今天的华尔兹舞曲进 行比较。,4.2.2 人称代词的一致 人称代词应该与它在句中所对应的名词或代词在数、人称、性、格等方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm,and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.这里he指代前面的person。（人称的一致）,It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two Am
5、erican writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。,Our department was monitored by two supervisors,Bill and me.这里me必须用宾格形式。（格的一致）,4.2.3 不定代词的一致 1）当不定代词everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,no one 等作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格、和所有格形式，在正式文体中分别为he(or
6、she),him(or her)和his(or her),在非正式文体中分别为they,them和their:如：,Anyone can do it if he or she tries/if they try.如果大家都肯试试，人人都能做的。If somebody calls,tell him/them I am out.要是有人打电话来，告诉他/他们我出去了。Has everyone finished his or her/their drink?每个人都喝完酒了吗？,2）当不定代词one 作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式，在英国英语中分别为one,one和ones,在
7、美国英语中分别为he,him和his:,If one wants to be a success,one/he must work diligently.想要成功，就必须勤奋工作。What ought one to do when a beggar asks one/him for money?当一个乞丐向一个人讨钱时，这个人该怎么办？One should do ones/his duty.每个人都应当尽职。,3）当不定代词everything,something,anything,nothing等作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式分别为it,it和its:,Nothing
8、has been damaged,has it?什么都没损坏，是不是？Something has happened,and I want you to tell me about it.出事了，我要你告诉我是怎么回事。Everything is good in its season.当令果子趁鲜卖。,4）当具有单数和复数两种意义的集体名词作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式分别为it,it,its和they,them,their:,This committee is/are very proud of its/their achievements,isnt it/arent t
9、hey?委员会对取得的成就感到自豪，是不是？The public says/say that nobody cares about it/them and its/their problems.公众认为没有人关心他们和他们的问题。,反身代词的一致 1）反身代词应该在人称和数上与它所对应的名词或代词一致：如：You shouldnt always think of yourself.你不应该总为自己着想。The wounded horse could not raise itself from the ground.那批受伤的马无法从地上站起来。,2）当不定代词one 作主语时，与其对应的反身代
10、词形式，在英国英语中为oneself,在美国英语中为himself.如：One should wash oneself/himself regularly.一个人应该经常洗澡。One cant enjoy oneself/himself if one/he is too tired.一个人要是太疲劳就无法开心。,4.3代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：4.3.1 邻近和靠近原则 由either or,neithernor,not onlybut(also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行
11、词在数和性上保持一致。,Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.If either David or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink.,4.3.2 当no one,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything,nothing,something,everyth
12、ing等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如：,Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it,can he?Everything is ready,isnt it?,4.3.3 当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如：They each have two coats.we are each responsible for his own fa
13、mily.,Exercise Four,1.The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _.A.of last years B.those of last years C.of those of last year D.that of last years,2.Anthropologists(A)investigate the customs of(B)different groups of people,particularly(C)that in(D)isolated areas.,答案,1.D
14、 报名参加今年马拉松赛的人数是去年的一半.2.Cthose 人类学家对不同群体的人的习俗进行调查研究,尤其是对那些住在与世隔绝的地区的人.,第五讲,主谓一致,5.1主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则 逻辑一致原则 毗邻一致原则,5.1.1 语法一致英语中主语与谓语之间的语法一致原则主要指谓语动词为be动词（或谓语动词词组的第一个成分为be动词）时，主语与谓语之间的协调一致关系。其他动词只有一般现在时才体现一致关系，即主语为第三人称单数时，动词后需要添加-s,-es 或变词
15、末-y为i再加-es 的形式。个别助词也需体现一致关系，如shall/should用于第一人称单、复数主语，will/would用于第三人称单、复数主语，will/would用于第三人单、复数主语。,倘若这些助动词与主语的一致关系发生悖逆，则助动词甚至全句表达的语义往往会发生变异。,He is an honest man.他是个诚实的人。He was a doctor when he was young.他年轻时当过医生。You are just the man I want.你正是我要找的人。I took a quick glance at the house and noticed it
16、was very old.我瞥了一眼房子，注意到房子已很古旧了。I figure you people are pretty well fixed.我估计你们这些人的境遇都很不错。,So you are all going to Hang Zhou for your holidays.Lucky you!这么说，你们全都要去杭州度假。你们可真运气！The vehicle was found abandoned near the village.车子被发现扔在村子附近。Anything black absorbs most of the light rays that fall on it.任何
17、黑色的物体都能吸收照射到它上面的大部分光线。His imagination so abstracted him that his name was called twice before he answered.他正凝神遐想，别人叫了他两边才吱声答应。We have never accepted the belief that synthetics are superior to natural rubber.我们从来不相信合成橡胶比天然橡胶好。,The dash adds on an afterthought.破折号用来附加事后想到的内容。He will buy back his prope
18、rty.他将赎回自己的财产。When shall I know the result of the medical checkup?我什么时候才能知道体检结果。I wondered if I should be in time for the train.我不知道是否能来得及赶上火车。The manager would have his own way.那位经理总是一意孤行。They dont understand the way he does things.他们不理解他的办事方式。If he catches you,he will let you have it.如果你让他给抓住，那就有你
19、受的了。,5.1.2 逻辑一致1）逻辑一致是指谓语动词的形式不取决于主语的表层语法形态，而取决于它的深层逻辑含义。虽然一个做主语的名词的形式是单数，但如果它表示的是复数的含义，谓语动词也应用复数形式，反之亦然。有时同一个词在不同的语境表示不同的逻辑意义，则需要依据其含义使用不同的动词形式，应注意体味、把握不同的动词形式，应注意体味、把握不同的动词形式所体现的主语的确切的逻辑含义：,The family(be)a happy one.那是个幸福的家庭。My family(be)all tall.我的家人个子都很高大。,The recent statistics on marriage(be)in
20、teresting.最近关于婚姻情况的统计资料挺有意思。Statistics(be)not as difficult as some people think.统计学并不像某些人想象的那么难。,The committee(meet)today at four.委员会今天下午四时开会。The committee(be)arguing for an hour before they gave their votes.在投票表决之前，委员会内部争论了一个小时。,Ethics(deal)with moral conduct.伦理学是研究道德行为的。The ethics of his decision(
21、be)doubtful.他那决定中的道德准绳值得怀疑。,The police(be)searching for a tall dark man.警察正在搜查一个皮肤黝黑的高个子男人。At this point the police(be)called in.就在这个时候，警察被叫进来了。,2）充当主语的名词词组即使具有可数名词复数的形态，但表达的若作为一个单位看待的单数的含义，动词也需要用单数的形式；含有分数、百分数的名词词组的后的动词形式依据名词词组充当主语的句子，谓语动词往往用单数形式，如：,Fifty students for a class is the utmost limit.每班
22、人数最多不能超过50人。Two hours is the time limit for the examination.本次考试时限为两个小时。Is ten dollars a big sum to him?对他来说十块钱就是个大数目吗？,3）用连接词连接的主语后的谓语动词的数视情况而定。一般说来，用and连接的并列主语后用复数动词，但如果and连接的是指同一个事物或人，或指联系密切、常作为一个整体看待的人或事物，谓语动词也用单数；用as well as连接的名词词组与连接语之前的名词的数一致；名词后用介词with连接其他名词时，动词与with之前的名词的数一致；用bothand连接的并列名词
23、主语往往用复数动词，如：,A knife and fork is needed when one is eating.人们进餐时需要用刀叉。A cart and horse was what he needed to carry himself away.他只需要一辆马车把自己载走。This bread and butter is too thick.这片涂黄油的面包太厚了。A watch and chain was given to him by his father as a birthday present.父亲送他一块带链的表作为生日礼物。A rod and line is neede
24、d for angling.钓鱼需要鱼线鱼竿。,English and Chinese are quite different languages.英语和汉语是完全不同的语言。Both the rubber and pith ball are negatively charged.这时，橡胶棒和木髓都带上了负电荷。I as well as they am anxious about your safe arrival.我跟他们一样急于知道你平安到达的消息。She,with her two daughters,comes to spend the weekend on the farm once
25、 every two weeks.她和她的两个女儿每隔一周要到农场来度一次周末。,4）含有否定意义的不定代词或其他一些不定代词做主语时，谓语动词往往用单数，其中none是例外。用含有every 构成的合成词做主语时，句子后边部分的代词往往遵循逻辑一致原则用复数；表示数目意义的词做主语往往用单数动词；形容词前边加定冠词表一类人或事物时，后边动词用复数；形容词性从句中动词的数往往与从句先行词的数一致,Each of them is to pay his own fine.他们得各人付自己的罚款。There was nobody there.那儿一个人也没有。There is nothing I s
26、hould enjoy more.这是我最大的乐事。Nevertheless,none of the scientists on the scene were prepared for the awesome scale of the events that soon followed.然而，在现场的科学家们并没有一位对即将面临的可怕事件有所准备。Everybody initiates and receives messages in some form or other.每个人都以不同的方式发出并接收信息。,11 minus 4 leaves 7.十一减去四得七。28divided by 4
27、 is 7.二十八除以四得七。The rich are not always happy.有钱人并不总是幸福的。The deaf and dumb need special help.聋哑人需要特殊帮助。There is something in his manner which irritates others.他的态度有激怒别人的地方。There were few eggs which werent broken.没破掉的蛋没有几个。,毗邻一致毗邻一致原则是指句子中主语是由关联词语或其他连接语引导的两个或两个以上的名词词组充当时，谓语动词的数与其毗邻的名词词组的数保持一致的原则，如：,No
28、t only Henry but also his friends were unequivocally apposed to the compromise.不仅亨利还有他的朋友们都反对这种妥协。Either my brother or his friends are going.要么是我弟弟，要么是他的朋友们要去。Neither the girls nor John is to blame.既不怨姑娘们，也不怨约翰。Cash or bills are accepted here in this store.本店既接受现款又接受支票。,5.2很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不
29、同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下：,谓语动词用单数的情况 1动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研题),2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数 如：Two weeks was too long.Five time
30、s five makes twenty five.,3当and 连接的两个单数形式的名词作主语，在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数如:law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索 horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落,His war
31、mest admirer and severest critic was his wife.他的妻子是他最热心的崇拜者和最严厉的批评者。Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink.威士忌加苏打总是最和我的口味。War and peace is a constant theme in history.战争与和平永远是历史主题。,再如：If law and order is not preserved,neither the citizen nor his property is safe.Bread and butter is our daily fo
32、od.Time and tide waits for no man.,4表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词以及表示国家、组织等名称的专有名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 arthritics关节炎 statistics统计学 measles 麻疹 phonetics 语音学 optics 光学 genetics 遗传学 General Motors 通用公司 the Netherlands 荷兰 the New York Times 纽约时报 the United Nations 联合国,如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human langua
33、ge.语言学是研究人类语言的分支学科。Statistics is an indispensable analytical tool in modern society.统计学是现代社会必不可少的分析工具。Measles is much less common now than it used to be.现在麻疹远没有过去常见。General Motors is a large multinational company.通用公司是一家大型的跨国公司。,5.有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数 如：The chaos was stopped by the police
34、.The news is a great encouragement to us.A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.,6.a pair of+由两部分构成的物体的名词（如：shoes,scissors,glasses,jeans,pants,trousers 等）做主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：My new pair of pants is being altered.我的一条短裤正在被修改。A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these da
35、ys.现在配一副眼镜要花很多钱。,但是这些名词直接作主语时，谓语用复数。如：My black trousers have worn out.我的黑裤子已经穿破了。,5.2.2 谓语用复数情况 1 由and,both and,连接的并列主语，和both,a few,many,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式 如：Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.,2.集体名词police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth后常用复数形式的动词 如：The Chines
36、e people are brave and hardworking.The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.,3当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式 如：The Japanese were once very aggressive.,4某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数 如：The rich are not always selfish.,5不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数 如：Three million tons of coal were exported that year.,谓
37、语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况 1 就近一致原则 这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：,1）由连词 eitheror;neithernor;whether or;not onlybut(also);or 等连接的并列主语 如：Neither money nor fame has influence on me.Not only you but also he is wrong.,2)在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致 如：Blocking the open-sided porch,framed by the en
38、veloping fog,stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.,2 主语带有（together/along）with,such as，accompanied by,as well as,no less than,except,besides,with,combined with,in addition to,including,together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致
39、,如：Professor Taylor,with six of his students,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The president of the college,together with the deans,is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.(19
40、81年考研题）,3关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：Despite much research,there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.（1996年考研题）There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for,but which do not bring a return in money to the community.（1990
41、年考研题）,4一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of/lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two-third(three-fourth)of;eighty(ten,twenty)percent;part of;rest of;none of 等等,如：Two-thirds of people present are women.Lots of damage was caused by the fire.,5集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表
42、示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army,audience,band,government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firm,family 等等,The family is the basic unit of our society.The family were watching the TV.,6某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数 第一组：a great many+可数名词复数 谓语用复数 a number of+可数名词复数 谓语用复数 the majority o
43、f+可数名词复数 谓语用复数,第二组；the number of+可数名词复数 谓语用单数 each/every+可数名词复数 谓语用单数 neither/either of+可数名词复数 谓语用单数 one and a half+可数名词复数 谓语用单数,第三组；more than one+可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a+可数名词单数 谓语用单数,第四组；the greater part of a large proportion of 50%of one third of plenty of the rest of 谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致,第五组；(n)either(n)o
44、r.not only.but also not.but 谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即(n)or/but also/but引导的后面部分）一致.注意比较：More students than one have been referred to.More than one student is going to buy this book.,Exercise Five,1.How close parents are to their children_ a strong influence on the character of the children.(1991-6-69)A.have B.h
45、as C.having D.to have,2.Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university_.(1998-1-33)A.has been accepted B.have been accepted C.was accepted D.were accepted,3.The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns,and of training and retraining schemes,_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.(2000-6-43)A.have allowed B.allow C.allowing D.allows,答案,B 父母与子女亲近的程度对于子女的性格培养有强烈的影响。C 两个申请这个大学职位的年轻人都没被录用。D 有弹性的兼职工作方式以及培训计划的推广，使得越来越多的妇女能利用就业的机会。,
