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1、考研英语长难句分析技巧及实战,从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。,长难句的基本语法结构,通常情况下，长难句的基本语法结构有形式主语或宾语、强调结构、非限定性定语从句、同位语从句、倒装、虚拟语气、省略等。,长难句的基本特征,1.从句又多又长：一个主句带多个从
2、句，从句中又含有从句 应对方法：先抓主干，找出复杂句中最核心的主谓宾语，再层层扩展2.句子中带有长长的插入成分：用插入语来交代某句话是谁说的，或者是说话人的身份，或者是解释说明前面的内容 应对方法：理解句子主干时，可以先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完整，然后再看插入部分,3.分词状语，独立主格结构的干扰 应对方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分，一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语部分，它就不是句子，而是分词短语或独立主格结构，可以跳过暂时不看4.通常是三种情况的混合 应对方法：从前向后，抓住独立的谓语部分，从而区分出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词，区分出
3、主句和从句，层层扩展理解，插入语在哪个层次，就放在哪个层次中理解。,分割结构,分割结构是一种修辞手段，在英语句子中，特别是在书面语中，比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开，一部分留在句子的原来位置，另一部分远离原来位置。例句分析：The best books are treasuries of good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and comforters.,常见的分割结构形式,常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语
4、从句与先行词的分割，定语或定语从句与先行词的分割，主语与谓语的分割，谓语与宾语的分割，某些词语与其所要求的介词或不定式to分割等。,分割的两个原则,英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则（应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末，从而使结构平衡匀称，以避免主语部分太长，谓语部分太短）和句尾信息焦点原则（把新信息,即语义重点放在句子末尾）。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的各部分找出来。,疑难长句的理解,提高疑难长句的理解能力不仅对应试阅读理解部分重要，而且对应试翻译和综合填空部分同样重要，因此在这方面也要花大力气练习。理解疑难长句，关键的问题是首先把握住句子的主干框架。只有这样，才能把握住各句子成分之间的结构和逻辑关系，
5、才可能抓住句子的核心意思。这时，即使有个别单词不认识，也不会严重影响对整个句子的基本理解。其次，要达到对疑难长句的正确理解，考生必须学会利用上下文提供的线索把握词语的确切含义，具体地说，就是要学习利用某个句子的上一句和下一句提供的词语上的线索，达到对这个句子更确切的理解。这也是我们不主张考生脱离文章的上下文、孤立地分析疑难长句的原因。,英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。1）划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2）划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的除外）3）名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词4）非谓语动词结构看作一个整体5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语
6、，即句子的主干6）分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。,经典例题（2001年考研完型填空第二段）In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a ca
7、se before a trial begins.分析:第一，划出定语从句和状语从句:that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity/that can be given to a case/before a trial begins.,第二，划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三，句子的结构分析:（1）主干结构是主语（Lord Irvi
8、ne含同位语the Lord Chancellor）+将来时谓语（will introduce）+宾语（a draft bill）；（2）that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一个谓语，making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语，在动名词短语内部，payments to witnesses做making的宾语，illegal是宾补；第二个谓语是will strictly control,the amount of publicity是它的宾语。that can be given to a case
9、 before a trial begins是孕含有一个时间状语从句（before a trial begins）的定语从句，修饰publicity。,1.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是This will be pa
10、rticularly true。since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中，that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语（不定式短语内部to combine是主干，few farmers是宾语，with high yields是状语），possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;infashion译为“用方
11、法、方式”。,译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。2.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.,结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure。since引导原因状语从句the
12、assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进
13、行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。,3.In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.结构分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively when
14、。and连接两个并列分句，每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句whatpredicted。the tests是主句的主语，work为动词做谓语。qualities在此处是可数名词，不译为“质量”，而译为“特征”。defined不能直译为“被定义为”，而应译为主动语态“界定”。译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。,4.For example，they do not
15、 compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate，and thus do not tell how。and连接两个并列分句，第二个并列分句中由how引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中had he grown up（=If he ha
16、d grown up）是省略了连词if的非真实条件句。主句主语的they，在此代指上文提到的tests;able在句中作might have been的表语。underprivileged在此不能译为“没有特权的”，而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。,5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated e
17、ither with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.结构分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that引导宾语从句，从句中有eitheror引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语，修饰动词be treated，其中第一个with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句
18、humans extend to other humans，修饰the consideration。,it代指上文的观点，即如果对人权没有达成一致看法，而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”。动词invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾结构extend consideration to意为“给予关怀或关心”，consideration不应译为“考虑”。译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。,6.But even more important，it was the f
19、arthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that。但It wasthat在本句中不是强调句型。it是指上句中所提到的150亿年前形成的巨大云团（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years fr
20、om earth）;that引导的应是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the farthest。for引导的是表示原因的分句，分句中还有that引导的定语从句，修饰the patterns and structure。译文：但更重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。,7.Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultu
21、ral workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.结构分析:句子的框架是it happened that。it做形式主语，that引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中，又有一个由when引导的时间状语从句，主句为tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workerswere forced
22、，时间状语从句中从句主语the new factories又带有一个定语从句that were springing up;that would keep them alive做work的定语从句。spring up意为“发生，出现，建立”。,译文:于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建立，需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口，被迫进入城市;他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论什么条件，只要不被饿死就行。8.As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have co
23、me to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.,结构分析:句子的框架是we have come to believe that。that引导的从句做believe的宾语从句;此从句中有一个that从句作the sense的同位语从句;同位
24、语从句中又套嵌一个由when引导的时间状语从句;此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句that endure，修饰其先行词discoveries。by way of意为“经由，通过方法”;reward sb.with意为“以报答，酬劳”;endure此处应译为“持久，持续”,不要译为“忍受，容忍”。译文:由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果，我们逐渐相信，如果运用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会真心实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自然是可以认识的。,9.These new observational capabilities would result in
25、 simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.结构分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of det
26、ails。后面紧跟省略了if引导的虚拟条件句were it not for the fact that，即if it were not for the fact that;that从句作the fact的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句，修饰其先行词the stage;required for reliable weather forecasting为过去分词短语修饰the kind of measurements。simply译为“只不过，仅仅”，不应译为“简单地”。,译文：理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段,即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点，那么上述这
27、些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。10.The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.,结构分析:句子的框架是The storyha
28、s many different versions。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes为名词性从句做介词of的宾语。namely that a solid body作the principle of Archimedes的同位语;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主语的过去分词短语，句子补充完整为when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修饰其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the l
29、iquid;it displaces是省略了关系代词that的定语从句修饰the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body;同时，of which the following is one又构成先行词versions的定语从句。displace意为“排（水）”;version不译为“版本”，此处指“根据个人观点的（对事件等的）说法，看法”;句尾的one代指a version。译文:当固体浸没到液体中时，固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量，这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这一发现的故事说法众多，下面的故事就是其中之一。,11.Anarchism is a term d
30、escribing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.,无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的，没有必要的。,12.Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a
31、pioneer in automobile production.,恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利.福特。,13.The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.,电脑储存和由于电子微处理机得以实现的电控运用成倍的增加了现代打字机的功能。,14.Television the most pervasive and persu
32、asive of modern technologies,marked by rapid change and growth,is movingsintosa new era,an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world.,电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。,15.If,on the other hand,producing mo
33、re of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.,参考译文另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。,16.In the American economy,the
34、 concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.,参考译文在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位)自由签定合同的
35、权利。,17.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.,参考译文同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排
36、。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。,18.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export atcompetitive prices.,参考译文它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。,
37、历年考研英语真题翻译长难句荟萃,2009年：1.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive。,译文：可以说，衡量任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验的影响，但是这种影响并不是它最初动机的组成部分。,2.Only gradually was the by-product of the in
38、stitution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。,译文：只有逐步才能注意到一种制度的副作用，而要承认这种副作用是执行该制度的一种规定性因素则更加缓慢。,3.While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy a
39、s in dealing with adults。译文：在和年轻人交往时，我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成人打交道时却并不如此容易。,4.Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life,we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。译文：既然我们的主要任务是让年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住要考虑是否我们正在形成获得这种
40、能力的力量。,5.We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of educationthat of direct tuition or schooling。译文：因此，我们要在从一直考虑的整个教育过程中辨认出一种比较正规的教育直接教育或者学校教育。,2008年：1.He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensa
41、ting advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations。,译文：他(达尔文)认为，正是这种困难起了弥补作用，使他长时间专注地思考每个句子，从而能在推理和亲自观察中发现自己的错误。,2.He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics。译文：他还认为，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的一系列观点方面，自己的能力非常有限；因此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。,
