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1、Grammar,现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。,现在分词与过去分词,两者之间的区别主要体现在时态和语态上：（1）在时态上：现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。（2）在语态上：现在分词表示主动；而过去分词表示被动。总之，现在分词表主动、进行；过去分词表被动、完成。在句法功能上它们都可以作定语、表语、状语和宾补，它们的具体区别如下：,一、分词作定语,共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，
2、那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，而过去分词则表示被动关系，,1、现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作，或表示经常性的动作,或现在(或当时)的状态；2、过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性。,The meeting held last week is very important.Tell the children playing there not to m
3、ake so much noise.They lived in a room facing(=that faced)the south.I hate to see letters written in pencil.,1.There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰 noise 的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接
4、在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选B。2.The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C.,didnt include women until 1912.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be playing简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受，且已完成(in 776 B.C.)。因此，该题应选C。3.Whats the language _ in Ge
5、rmany?A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken,4.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.inviting 简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited5.Most of the artists _ to the party were from S
6、outh Africa.A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited 简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句who were invited6.The computer centre,_ last year,is very popular among the students in this school.A.open B.opening C.having opened D.opened 简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened
7、 last year”代替7.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.having written B.to be written C.being written D.written 简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written,二、分词作表语,共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表
8、示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。现在分词表示“令人的”，过去分词表示“感到”.常见的分词有：amazed/amazing,excited/exciting,bored/boring,annoyed/annoying,interested/interesting,pleased/pleasing,tired/tiring,surprised/surprising,worried/worrying,satisfied/satisfying,am
9、used/amusing,The news was exciting.He appeared satisfied with my answer.,1.This news sounds _.A.encouraging B.encouraged C.encourage D.to encourage 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词；再根据 The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。2.-How did Bob do in the exams this time?-Wel
10、l,his father seems _ with his results.A.pleasing B.please C.pleased D.to please 简析：首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词;再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系,即这个结果使他的父亲高兴;换言之,他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此,该题应选C。3.-How did the audience receive the new play?-They got very _.A.excite B.excited C.excited
11、ly D.exciting 简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。,三、分词作宾语补足语,共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,现在分词与句子的宾语是主动关系，它所表示的动作往往正在进行；过去分词与句子的宾语是被动关系，它所表示的动作往往已经完成。,I found them painting the windows.（现在分词表主动、进行）
12、I found the windows painted.（过去分词表被动、完成）,see/hear/listen to/feel/notice/look at/watch+宾语+doing（在进行中的动作）/done（被动）/do（过程/发生过）I saw him open the door and enter the room.(被动时：He was seen to open)I saw him crossing the road.(被动时：He was seen crossing the road.)I saw him knocked over by a running car.(被动时：
13、He was seen knocked),下面是几个常见的动词用法：感官动词(三者的区别),I will have my watch_.（让我的手表被修理。）have the patient _(operate)on He had the boy _(do)the work.（动作是boy发出的，表示某一次情况）He had the students _(go)there at once.He had me _(wait)for an hour.They had the fire _(burn)all the time.,2.have sb do/doing/sth done,repaired
14、,operated,do,waiting,go,burning,（强调总是，所以用burning）,him quite surprisedthe room _(break)into him _(lie)in bedmany things _(miss)himself _(look after)by a nurse him _(change)completely（表示变了的）the color _(change)（表示颜色在慢慢变化）,3.find sb doing/sth done,broken,lying,missing,（尤其要注意missing和lost的用法）,being looked
15、 after,changed,changing,with the radio turned on with the door_(close)with his eyes_(shut)with the hands_(tie)with the light burning with sweats _(burn)down her face,4.with+O+分词作补语 分清主动和被动,with a lot of homework to do,比较：,closed,shut,tied,running,5.make sb do/done 分别表示主动和被动 I cant make myself unders
16、tood/heard.,6.catch sb doing 当场抓住某人在干什么He was caught cheating in the exam.,7.leave sb doing 任凭某人做某事 leave sth done 使某事被做 keep sb doing 让某人一直做某事 keep sth done 使某事被做,Leave the baby crying leave your work half doneKeep me waiting for half an hour Keep the window locked,1.The next morning she found the
17、man _ in bed,dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying 简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作宾补,补充说明宾语 the man;再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系,而且,lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此,该题应选A。2.-Good morning.Can I help you?-Id like to have the package _,madam.A.be weighed B.to be weighed C.to weigh D.weighed 简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作
18、宾补,补充说明宾语 the package;再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说,只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。,3.I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A.sail B.sailing C.to sail D.to have sailed 简析:该题应选B。测试动词 imagine 后要求跟动名词,Peter 是动名词的逻辑主语。4.If you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air _ a
19、gainst your face.A.moved B.moving C.moves D.to move 简析:该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。,四、分词作状语,共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。,分词的形式,以上表格需牢牢记住！,主谓关系（主动）,同时或基本同时发生,主谓关系（主动）,先于谓语动作的发生,动宾（被动
20、）关系,同时或基本同时发生,动宾（被动）关系,先于谓语动作的发生,动宾（被动）关系,*现在分词各种形式所表示的含义,分词各种形式的意义：,doing表示主动的动作，又经常发生或者正在发生的含义；,having done也表示主动，但是强调已经发生的动作（或者动作有明显的先后顺序）；,The road leading to the park was built last year.,The boy standing there is my brother.,=The road which leads to the park was built.,=The boy who is standing
21、there is my,Having finished my homework,I watched TV.,Having studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the place very well.,=After I finished my homework,I watched,=Because he has studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the,比较：,Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.,being done表示被动动作，同时表示正在
22、进行的动作；,having been done表示被动，表示明显的先后或者已经发生的动作（通常要找到相应的时间副词）；,Having been told many times,he still could not understand it.,=Although he had been told many times,he still.,Having been shown the labs,the guests were asked to visit the offices.,=After the guests had been shown/were shown the labs,they w
23、ere asked,The house being built now will be our office building.,=The house which is being built now will be our.,Being painted,the room gives out a bad smell.,=Because the room is being painted,it gives out a,每个分词的用法都遵循以上规则。,done一般仅仅表示被动（过去的某次，或者经常发生的动作），偶尔也表示完成的动作(不表示被动Vi）。,The meeting held yester
24、day is very important.,=The meeting which was held yesterday is,Seen from the hill,the city looks magnificent.,=When the city is seen from the hill,it looks magnificent.,比较:,the meeting being held now the meeting to be held tomorrow,a developed country,=a country which has developed,The risen sun,=t
25、he sun which has risen,分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语,而句子本身可与状语从句等句型转换。,1.When we heard the news,we jumped with joy.=Hearing the news,we jumped with joy.2.When it is heated,the metal expands.Heated,the metal expands.3.Because he didnt know how to do it,he went to
26、his father for help.=Not knowing how to do it,he went to his father for help.4.As they were deeply moved,the children began to cry.=Deeply moved by the story,the children began to cry.,“主动”,“被动”,表示时间,表示原因,=,5._(look)out of the window,you can have a full view of the beach.=If you look out of the wind
27、ow,you can have a full view of the beach.6._(keep)in refrigerator,these vegetables will remain fresh.=If they are kept in refrigerator,these vegetables will remain fresh.,表示条件,Looking,Kept,7.The children rushed out,shouting and jumping.8.She walked out of the house,_by her little daughter.(follow)9.
28、She walked out of the house,_ her little daughter.(follow)10.(consider)as a building material,wood is not very strong.=Although it is considered as a building material,wood is not very strong.表示让步,表示方式和伴随情况,followed,following,Considered,11.The car was held up by the snowstorm,thus _(cause)the delay.
29、12.The glass fell to the ground,_(break)to pieces.,表示结果,分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调。e.g.,heated,ice can be changed into water,When,tired,I went on with the work.,walking in the street,I saw a road accident,While,Though,causing,broken,More exercises,1.European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most
30、popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据 European football 对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。2._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 简析：该题应选C。测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直
31、接加 not。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,_ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having added B.to add C.adding D.added 简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。,4.“Cant you read?”Mary said _ to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed
32、D.and angrily pointing 简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)例:The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied 简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his
33、hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer,而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选D。,1)The president promised to keep all the board members_(inform)of how the negotiations were going on2)_(be)there more than once,the old professor offered to show us around the newly-built library.3)_(invite)to go to camping,Paul o
34、rdered a new sleeping bag4)_(not know)his telephone number,she lost touch with him.,informed,Having been,Having been invited,Not knowing,分词的逻辑主语:分词的逻辑主语一般为_,但当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时，分词前必须有自己的主语，e.g.If weather permits,we will have a field trip.Weather permitting,well have a field trip tomorrow 这被称为_。时
35、间允许,我们将在去杭州的路上顺道看一下我叔叔.Time permitting,we will visit my uncle on my way to Hangzhou.,主句的主语,分词的独立结构,独立主格结构：分词前面加上自己的主语就构成分词独立主格结构。主语+分词，句子。,The work having been finished,we went home.工作被完成了，我们回家。He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.Weather permitting,they will
36、 go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.天气允许的话,It being Sunday,we did not have to go to school.由于是星期天There being no bus,we took a taxi.由于没有汽车There are various kinds of metals,each having its own properties.More time given,we could have done better.如果被给了更多时间The room having just been painted,we will no
37、t move in until one month later.All the guests having left,they started to washing up the dishes.所有客人都离开了The radio being repaired,you cant take it now.收音机正在被修理,More Examples:,分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：generally speaking一般说来 talking of（speaking of）说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all
38、things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration全面看来 例如：Judging from his face,he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking,dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。（speaking 不是dogs 的动作）,五、分词作插入语,Exercises:,1._ some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.,Followed B.Followed byC.Being
39、followed D.having been followed,2.There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.,followed B.followingC.to be followed D.being followed,B,B,3.The next morning she found the man _ in bed,dead.,lying B.lieC.lay D.laying,4.I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.,sai
40、l B.sailingC.to sail D.to have sailed,A,B,7._ a reply,he decided to write again.,Not receiving B.Receiving notC.Not having received D.Having not received,8.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks,_ that he had enjoyed his stay here.,having added B.to addC.adding D.added,C,C,9
41、.Dont get you schedule _,stay with us in this class.,to change B.changingC.changed D.change,10.European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most popular sport in the world.,making B.makesC.made D.to make,C,A,11.The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.,being tied B.having
42、 tiedC.to be tied D.tied,12._ more attention,the trees could have grown better.,Given B.To giveC.Giving D.Having given,D,A,13.The _ morning,the father came into the lonely house,_ by his naughty boy.,following,following B.followed,followedC.following,followed D.followed,following,14.Mrs.White was gl
43、ad to see the nurse _ after her son and was pleased to see the boy well _ care of in the nursery.,looked;taken B.looking;takenC.looked;took D.looking;taking,C,B,15._ his head high,the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting _ then.,Holding;being held B.Held;holdingC.Having held;held D.Hel
44、d;to be held,16._,but he still could not understand it.,Told many timesB.Having been told many timesC.He has been told many timesD.Though he had been told many times,A,C,动名词与现在分词,动名词与现在分词同形（v-ing），但是，两者有各自的语法名称和作用：1）当v-ing形式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，被称为动名词。2）当v-ing形式在句中作状语、宾语补足语、表语、定语时，被称为现在分词。可见，二者都可以作表语和定语
45、。,（一）作表语时的区别,1、现在分词作表语表示主语的特征或属性；2、动名词作表语表示主语的内容、功能等。,The news is exciting.(现在分词表特征）Her work is nursing children.（动名词表内容）Her favorite job is teaching English.动名词表内容）The story sounds interesting.(现在分词表特征）,（二）作定语时的区别,1、动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的作用、用途等，常常放在所修饰名词之前；2、现在分词作定语表示它所修饰的名词的动作，被修饰名词与现在分词在逻辑上是主谓关系，说明所修饰的词、
46、所代表的人或物所做的动作或特征；单个分词作定语，位于所修饰的名词之前，分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词之后。,1.flying fish=fish which can fly 飞鱼（现在分词）2.flying suit=suit for flying 飞行衣（动名词）,和动名词用作定语的差别,the swimming pool/boy 游泳池/正在游泳的男孩 the sleeping car/pill/child the reading room/students the washing machine/lady,分词表示名词的动作和状态；动名词表示功能。翻译时，分词出现的，而动名词直接翻译成一
47、件物品。,高考题,1.The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(2004)A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt2.The disc,digitally _ in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.(2004)A.recorded B.recording C.to be recorded D.having recorded3.Generally
48、 speaking,_ according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(2003)A.when taking B.when taken C.when to take D.when to be taken,B,B,A,4._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received,C,5.Before _,the machine must be checked.being used B.using it C.being used to D.using,A,6._ better attention,the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and _ them light.A.Giving;given B.Given;given C.Giving;giving D.Given;giving,D,Thank you!,
