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1、文学翻译中的创造性叛逆,江西师范大学外国语学院 李玉英,CONTENTS,一、“文学翻译”与“非文学翻译”,二、“忠实”与“漂亮”,三、再创作与“创造性叛逆”,四、“创造性叛逆”的理据,2,一、“文学翻译”与“非文学翻译”,文学类：文学是语言的艺术。文学作品用语言塑造形象反映社会生活和表达作者思想感情，因作者、题材、体裁的不同而出现风格的不同，色彩缤纷。按照莱丝或纽马克的文本类型分类属于呼唤型文本（Vocative Text）.非文学类：非文学作品用于传递信息或者描述事实，采取直接表达方式而不通过形象，风格问题并不突出，但往往有其固定表达方式。按照莱丝或纽马克的分类属于信息型文本（Inform
2、ative Text）.,3,Please note that the 200 machine tools you order on September 15 will be despatched tomorrow by rail to San Francisco for shipment by s.s.Sichuan,which leaves for Shanghai on October 28.,请注意：你方9月15日所订200台机床将于明日由火车运往旧金山装“四川号”轮。该轮定于10月28日由此驶往上海。,6,Some fishing boats were becalmed just i
3、n front of us.Their shadows slept,or almost slept,upon the water,a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep,or if sleep,that it was sleep with dreams.,眼前不远，渔舟三五，凝滞不前。樯影斜映在水上，仿佛睡去。偶尔微见颤动，但又未尝熟睡，恍若惊梦。,渔舟三五，静泊眼前。,7,PK,二、“忠实”与“漂亮”,Translation is like women.They are beautiful when th
4、ey are not faithful;they are faithful when they are not beautiful.,9,文学翻译是用另一种语言把原作的意境传达出来，使读者再读译文的时候能象读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。,翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至可能超过创作。为什么会“超过创作”呢？因为创作是用自己的语言表达自己的思想，而翻译却是用自己的语言表达别人的思想，是“戴着脚镣跳舞”。,10,“创造性叛逆”(creative treason)也称“创造性背离”，此词最早由法国文学社会学家埃斯卡尔皮提出，他在文学社会学（1987）一书中说：“如果愿意承认翻译始
5、终是一种创造性的背离，那么，那个使人大为恼火的翻译问题也许就可以解决了。”我国著名学者谢天振(1992)较早提出了“创造性叛逆”，分别从媒介者、接受者和接受环境方面给予详尽阐述。继而在其译介学、翻译研究新视野中作了进一步阐发和补充。,11,四、“创造性叛逆”的理据,再创造的必要性,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,Form oracle,语言差异,意义传达,文化缺省,行文习惯,审美意旨,风格再现,情境意蕴,1 语言差异,He has known praise and hatred,and has gone from cheers to jeers.,他历经荣辱，过去鲜花簇拥，而今却遭人唾弃。,14,
6、1 语言差异,Evidently he had the first quality of an angler,which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch.,显然他具有钓鱼者最重要的品质，那就是以钓为乐，渔胜于鱼。,15,1 语言差异,一些特殊的语言形式：回文(palindrome)如：上海自来水来自海上 画上荷花和尚画 门前大抽大前门 书中狂草况钟书,16,1 语言差异,Able was I ere I saw Elba 不见棺材不掉泪 不到厄岛我不倒 若非孤岛孤非弱 落败孤岛孤败落,17,1 语言差异,人曾为僧，人弗可以为佛；女卑为婢，
7、女又何妨为奴。但是仍有译者将其译为：The man who has been a monk cannot become a Buddha.The girl who is a bond may be called a slave.,18,1 语言差异,中国翻译(19915)许渊冲先生：A Buddhist cannot bud into a BuddhaA maiden may be made a house maid 昔日不可译者，今时却可译；于斯人不可译者，于彼人也许可译。,19,1 语言差异,中国翻译2001年1期影视翻译翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域(P61)一文中，作者给出译文(A Bud
8、dhist monk holds an umbrellano law，no sky)后称：“这(指的是双关语和文字游戏笔者注)是最难译的，也往往是无法译的。”,中国翻译 2002年1期是不可译论不是不可知论(P84)一文作者则认为该双关语是可译的，且给出了如下参考译文(As a monk puts up an umbrella，the hairless tries to shield the sky Its illegitimate)。作者的自评是：这条歇后语的精妙之处就在于把“无发”(hairless)和“无法”(illegitimate)巧妙地联系在一起。,毛泽东曾对埃德加斯诺说他自己是“
9、和尚打伞，无法无天。”,20,1 语言差异,A monk under the umbrellahairless and fearlessbald and bold no hail,no reign(hail:hair;reign:rain),21,1 语言差异,What flower does everybody have?Tulips.(Tulips=two lips),人人都有的花是什么花？郁金香。,22,2 意义传达,There stood a cradle with an infant in the room a red,ribald,unintelligible,babbling,b
10、eautiful infant,sputtering at life in an unseemly manner.,【译文一】屋子里面有一个摇篮，摇篮里有个娃娃 一个红通通的、漂亮的婴儿，唧唧呱呱地不知在说些什么，以无礼的、不适当的态度对待生活发言。,【译文二】房间里放着个摇篮，摇篮里睡着个不懂事的婴儿，红扑扑，逗人喜爱，只会咿咿呀呀，不知天高地厚。,23,2 意义传达,Paula didnt need any lessons when it comes to office politics.,译文：说到办公室里明争暗斗那一套，保拉可算是无师自通。,24,2 意义传达,But with Sil
11、ver the blow passed almost instantly.,但是西尔佛几乎马上就恢复了神智。,25,2 意义传达,雷雨：鲁大海：（抽出手枪）我我打死你这老东西！鲁贵：（站起）枪，枪，枪！鲁四凤：（跑到大海的前面，抱着他的手）哥哥。,HAI:(drawing his pistol)IllIll kill you for that,you old swine!LU:(leaping to his feet and shouting)Help!Help!Hell shoot me!(He stands petrified with fear.)FENG:(rushing across
12、 to Ta-hai and seizing his wrist)Ta-hai!,26,2 意义传达,It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune,must be in want of a wife.,a.凡有产业的单身汉,总要娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。（上海译文出版社。）,b.有钱的单身汉,总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。（译林出版社）,c.饶有家资的单身男子必定想要娶妻室，这是举世公认的真情实理。（人民文学出版社）,d.举世公认，一个拥有一
13、大笔钱财的单身男人，必定想娶一个女人做太太。这已成为一条真理。（海峡文艺出版社）,e.有这样一条举世公认的真理凡家产丰厚的单身男人势必缺老婆。,27,3 文化缺省,李清照乌江生当做人杰,死亦为鬼雄。至今思项羽,不肯过江东。这首诗通过追忆霸王项羽兵败乌江因无颜见江东父老而自刎这件事借古讽今。表达了对身为朝廷命官的丈夫在暴乱时弃城逃跑的不满,同时隐讽赵构的昏庸和南宋政权的苟且偷生。许渊冲先生的译文:,Be man of men while you re alive,And soul of souls if you were dead.Think of XiangYu whod not surviv
14、eHis men whose blood for him was shed.,28,3 文化缺省,“A woman of high intellect and perfect beauty is a rare thing,Jeff,”says he.“As rare,”says I,“as an omelet made from the eggs of the fabulous bird known as the epidermis.”,【译文一】“既有高度的智力，又长得十分漂亮的女人是少有的，杰甫。”他说。“少得像是神化中那种叫做埃比台米斯的鸟蛋煎的蛋卷。”我说。（脚注：埃比台米斯并不是神化
15、中的一种鸟，而是生理学名词，意谓“表皮”。）,【译文二】他说：“杰夫，聪明过人又天姿国色的女人稀罕得很。”我说：“稀罕得像凤凰下的蛋。”,29,4 行文习惯,Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence.,译文：他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，全然不考虑什么谨 慎不谨慎。,30,4 行文习惯,Nothing except a battle lost can be half so melancholy as a battle won.-The Ducke of Wellington.,译文：都道战败苦，谁知战胜惨！（许
16、渊冲译）,31,赛车的最高境界,4 行文习惯,The result of this was that believers still believed and doubters remained doubtful.,译文：此事的结果是信者自信之，疑者自疑之。,32,4 行文习惯,If you think me in a way to be happier than I deserve,I am quite of your opinion.,译文：如果你认为我的幸福来之太易，得之有愧，那我完全同意你的看法。,33,5 审美意旨,Get a livelihood,and then practise
17、 virtue.,译文：先谋生而后修身。,34,5 审美意旨,He wouldnt tell them,but kept them in suspense all day.,他不告诉他们，而是使他们终日牵肠挂肚。（惶惶不可终日）,35,5 审美意旨,The years season in the sun has run its course.Nature begins to prepare for winter.After the colour in the woodlands,the leaves will blanket the soil.The litter of autumn will
18、 become mulch(护盖物,护根),the humus(腐殖土壤)for root and tender seed.The agency of growth is ended for another year,but life itself is hoard in root and bulb and seed and egg.,阳光下，九月健步走完它的旅程，大自然开始进入冬季。丛林褪色、树叶凋零、大地铺上一层厚毯。覆盖在大地上，沃土滋养着根茎和幼嫩的种子。生长的冲动终止了静待来年，但是生命却藏身于根茎籽卵之中，永无止息。,秋日的馈赠,36,5 审美意旨,书有种种，好坏不一。,There
19、 are books and books.,37,5 审美意旨,That Home is Home though it is never so Homely.,译文：家虽不佳仍是家。（刘炳善译）,38,5 审美意旨,The company applauded the clever deception,for none could tell when Chopin stopped and Liszt began.,在座的人对这种的巧妙手法，无不啧啧称赞，因为谁也不知道在什么时候肖邦停了下来，由李斯特接着弹奏下去。,移花接木,39,5 审美意旨,Birkin sought hard to expr
20、ess himself.But Gerald hardly listened.(Women in Love),译文：伯钦搜索枯肠找字眼表达自己的想法,然而,杰拉尔德却几乎没听。,改译:伯钦绞尽脑汁找字眼表达自己的想法,然而,杰拉尔德却脑子走神没在听。,40,6 风格再现,By God,Ill knock the tar out of um!Nobody can touch my roommate!Know who I am?Elmer Gantry!Thash me!Ill show um!,【译文一】我的上帝，我一定要把他们打个落花流水！没有人敢碰我的伙伴！知道我是谁吗？埃尔默甘特利！要打我
21、！我给他们一点颜色瞧瞧！,【译文二】他娘的！我非剥他他他们的皮！还不知道大爷是谁？埃尔默甘特利！来惹我？那就瞧瞧瞧吧！,41,6 风格再现,Friendship and play shorten the day.,译文：好朋友，共游玩，日子过得欢。,42,6 风格再现,From A Farewell to Arms,Ch.1:He lived in Udine and came out in this way nearly every day to see how things were going and things went very badly.,译文:他（意大利国王）的行营设在意大利
22、东北边境某地，几乎天天亲上前线视察战况，但战况不佳，他也无可奈何。,改译：他就住在乌第涅，几乎每天都这样出来视察战况，但情况很糟。,43,6 风格再现,（He opened the lower drawer of an old bureau to get out the packet of letters.）The drawer stuck and he yanked at it savagely as a man will.It came out of the bureau,and bruised both his shins as a drawer will.,抽屉卡住不动，他使劲一拉，抽
23、屉脱了出来，撞得他脚杆骨好痛。,抽屉卡住了，他不假思索，猛力一拉。抽屉开了，也不假思索地刮破他两只脚踝上的皮。,44,6 风格再现,A new dignity crept into his walk.,译文：走起路来，不觉平添了几分尊严。（黄邦杰译艺谭）,45,6 风格再现,The ignorant old woman who ruled for the entire last half of the nineteenth century did more than any other single person to hold back Chinas progress.(Lin Yutang
24、:Moment in Peking),译文：那个愚蠢无知的老太婆统治了十九世纪后五十年，使中国不能进步，她可算功劳第一。（张振玉译）,46,6 风格再现,From Pride and Prejudice Ch.19.As I must therefore conclude that you are not serious in your rejection of me，I shall choose to attribute it to your wish of increasing my love by suspense，according to the usual practice of e
25、legant females.,因此我就不得不认为：你这一次并不是一本正经地拒绝我，而是彷效一般高贵的女性的通例，想要更加博得我的喜爱。”,欲擒故纵,47,6 风格再现,But wheres thy gentleman,Tess?“(Thomas Hardy:Tess of the dUrbervilles),译文：“你那一口子哪，苔丝？”（张谷若译）,48,6 风格再现,From When the Doctors Dispute by Wodehouse:男青年阿瑟看到自己的女友被舒特抱着要强吻的时候,立即冲上去,于是有了下面一段对话:“Ill teach you how to kiss a
26、 girl!”“No,”said Sute“,Ive graduated1”,“我来教你怎么同姑娘亲吻!”“不,”舒特说“,我已毕业了。”,“我来教教你怎么同姑娘亲吻!”“不用你教,”舒特说“,我早已出师了。”,49,7 情境意蕴,You might drop the Manager in private.,译文：在私下里，你就不要“经理经理”地叫我啦。,50,7 情境意蕴,The thirty-second day out of Bombay began inauspiciously.In the morning a sea smashed one of the galley doors.W
27、e dashed in through lots of steam and found the cook very wet and indignant with the ship:“Shes getting worse every day.Shes trying to drown me in front of my own stove!”(1993 TEM 8),离开孟买的第32天一开始便不吉利。早上，一个大浪打来，把厨房门撞坏了。我们跑进雾气腾腾的厨房一看，厨师全身上下都湿透了，破口大骂船不争气。“真是越来越不象话了，还想把我淹死在火炉前不成！”,51,结 语,“创造性叛逆”具体表现为个性化翻译（含归化和异化），误译和漏译，节译和编译，转译与改编。文学创作与文学翻译的创造性和叛逆性,是文学传播与接受的基本规律,如若没有创造性叛逆,也就没有文学杰作跨越地理、超越时空的传播与接受。翻译的确是戴着一副脚镣在跳舞,活动空间极其有限。高明的译者往往能在“忠于原文”与“创造”的两难之境,出奇制胜,寻找到“形神兼顾”的良策，触机生发，妙语天成。冰冻三尺非一日之寒,翻译寸功难一蹴而就。翻译贵在实践。离开了实践,离开了寸功的日积月累,哪来深厚的底蕴?所以既要有顶天立地之志,又要脚踏实地去做。,Thank you!,
