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1、Lecture 21-ing Participle,Collocation of ing participle with verbs,Verbs followed either by infinitive or by ing participle,Form of ing participle,Grammatical Functions of ing participle,-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作;完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：Being a student,he was interested in books.Not having st
2、udied his lessons very hard,he failed the examinations.-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important.Having been criticized by the teacher,he gave up smoking.,Verb+-ing form,Verb+object+prepositio
3、n+-ing form,Collocation of ing participle with verbs,P241,P242,P246-248,There are verbs that can be followed either by an ing participle or by an infinitive.With some of these verbs,the choice between the two makes no difference in meaning;with others,however,different choices result in different in
4、terpretations.,1)Either infinitive or ing participle without change of meaning,a)After process verbs such as begin,cease,continue,start and emotive verbs such as cant bear,deserve,dread,hate,intend,like loathe,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require,the infinitive is commonly used to refer to a s
5、pecific act while the ing participle is used to refer to a general act,e.g.:Phil prefers doing it his way.He prefers to go by train this evening.,b)After need,want,require,deserve,an active ing participle can be used to denote a passive meaning which can also be expressed by a passive infinitive,e.g
6、.:This letter needs signing by the manager.=This letter needs to be signed by the manager.Your car urgently required seeing to.=Your car urgently required to be seen to.,c)After begin,start,either infinitive or ing participle is possible,but when the infinitive is a stative verb,it normally goes wit
7、h begin,e.g.:We began to see what he meant.She began to believe his story.When begin/start is in the progressive,it is also an infinitive,not an ing form that is normally used,e.g.:Its beginning to rain.Im starting to work on my essay next week.,d)After attempt,intend and plan,the infinitive is more
8、 commonly used than the ing participle,but when the above-mentioned verbs are in the progressive,only the infinitive is possible,e.g.:I planned to go/going myself.We are planning to visit France this summer.,2)Either infinitive or ing participle with different meanings,The verbs that admit of either
9、 an infinitive or an ing form with different meanings fall into 5 sub-classes:After remember and forget,the infinitive refers to a second act that follows the first,and the ing participle to a previous event,e.g.:Cant you remember telling me the story last night?=You told me the story last night.Can
10、t you remember it?You must remember to tell him all that.=You must tell him all that.Dont forget it.,b)After stop,leave off,go on,the ing participle functions as object,while the infinitive as adverbial of purpose.Compare:They stopped watching TV at 9:30.=At 9:30 they did not watch TV any more.They
11、stopped to watch TV at 9:30.=They paused at 9:30 in order to watch TV.,c)After try,mean,cant help,the choice between an infinitive and an ing form depends on the meaning of the preceding verb itself.Compare:Your plan would mean spending hours.I didnt mean to make you angry.If you want to improve the
12、 taste,try adding some sugar.Philip tried to answer each question by himself.,d)After agree,decide,there is a choice between the infinitive and“preposition+-ing”.Compare:They agreed to share the remuneration.They agreed on sharing the remuneration.e)After encourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise,auth
13、orise,either the-ing participle or the infinitive with an expressed logical subject can be used.Compare:They encouraged learning English by radio and television.They encouraged me to learn English by radio and television.,Supplement,动词allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语
14、。如：Please permit me to say a few words.We dont permit smoking here.,注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：当start,begin本身用于进行时态时。When the teacher came into the room,he was starting to write to his parents.b.当start,begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。Hearing the news,he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.c.当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。W
15、e were about to leave when it began to rain.,-ing分词的语法作用,-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1)作主语：Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.Its a waste of time arguing about it.在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：There is
16、no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history.历史车轮不可阻挡。,2)作表语：His hobby is collecting stamps.3)作宾语：ing分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way.-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：I dont think it possible living in such a cold place.我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do y
17、ou consider it any good trying again?你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？,-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner.They dont feel like walking that much.注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty(in)communicating with foreigners.He used to spend a lot of time(in)playing games.What can prevent us(from)getti
18、ng married?,4)作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：reading room swimming pool dining car sleeping car singing competition waiting room-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：Who is the comrade standing by the door?They lived in a house facing south.ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:When she appeared,Joh
19、n,wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat,ran to her with joy.,5)做状语：-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when,while引出。如：While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address,I cant send this book to him.Many of us,being so excited,could
20、nt go to sleep that night.作结果状语。如：His father died,leaving him a lot of money.She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground,breaking it into pieces.,作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：They stood there for half an hour，watching the stars in the sky.间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：Knowing all t
21、his,they made me pay for the damage.“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：His hair became grey with the years passing.Without anyone noticing,he slipped through the window.,6)作补语：-ing分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,look at,listen to,observe,have,get,leave,keep,set,catch,find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：Lily was never heard singing that song again.,
