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1、1.3 科技英语中的一些常用句型,1,1,1,一、make+名词+形容词,这样会使问题变得容易些.This makes the problem easy/easier.这样能使金属更硬些.This makes the metal harder/hard.hardens 这样能使金属变长。This makes the metal longer.=This lengthens the metal.,make+名词+形容词,这样能使螺栓更紧些。This makes the screw tighter.=This tightens the screw.这样能使洞更深些.This makes the h
2、ole deeper.=This deepens the hole.,二、enable,allow,make+不定式,Enable,allow,make,cause,permitSafety valves allow/permit the steam to escape.安全阀能使蒸气（从锅炉中）排出好的生产方法能使工厂生产更多的汽车。Good production methods enable the factory to manufacture more cars.显微镜能使科学家们观测非常小的物体。A microscope enables the scientists to examin
3、e very small objects.,enable,allow,make+不定式,enable,allow,make,cause,permit温度计能使医生（为病人）测体温。A thermometer enables the doctor to measure body temperature.伸缩接头能使管子延长或缩短。Expansion joints allow/permit the pipes to expand or contract.安全阀能使蒸气（从锅炉中）排出。Safety valves allow/permit the steam to escape.,enable,al
4、low,make+不定式,热使金属熔化。The heat caused the metal to melt.=The heat makes the metal melt.火车速度太快，使其在弯道处出轨了。The speed of the train caused it to leave the rails on the curve.=The speed of the train made it leave the rails on the curve.,三、It is+形容词+不定式,It,iswas seems appears proves becomes,easy,to do sth.,+
5、,+,+,It is,possibleimpossible,to do sth.,+,+,It is,necessaryunnecessary,to do sth.,+,+,It is+形容词+不定式,common,It is,usualunusual,to do sth.,+,+,It is,to do sth.,+,+,It is,usefuluseless,to do sth.,+,+,这些形容词都是带有主观评价色彩的，如：easy，possible/impossible，useful/useless，necessary/unnecessary，usual/unusual,四、It is
6、+形容词+that,It is evident that these currents will generate heat in the core of the magnet.,It is likely that eddy currents will be produced in the core of the magnet.,obviousclear,possible,that 引出一个主语从句，it 是无人称主语,例：显然，这些电流会使磁铁中心产生热。,例：在磁铁中心很可能会产生涡流电流。,It is+动词+that,It should be noted that this energy
7、 can not be destroyed,only changed into other forms.,realized,It is assumed that the gas temperature in the cylinder is constant.,例：需要注意/明白的是，这种能量是不能消失的，只能转化成其它形式。,例：假定气缸中气体温度为定值。,It is decided that the production should begin in a few months.,It is+动词/形容词+that,It is desirable that these currents sh
8、ould be eliminated as far as possible.,essential,arrangedplanned,例：最好尽可能地把这些电流除掉。,例：已经决定在几个月内开始生产。,It is known that,proved,例：已知，众所周知，据证，,It should be noted that,will,例：应当注意到/应该看到/应当知道，,realizednoticedappreciated,It can be shown that,例：可以证明，,proveddemonstrated,五、句末+ing 子句,连接两个陈述句的一种方法 同 and 的意思一样；相当于
9、 since 的意思，进一步解释；说明第一句话的后果或时间的接续。,例：The starter motor is switched off,the engine accelerating under its own power.,关闭启动马达，发动机依靠它自己的动力加速。,例：The normal type of crank shaft is used,the upper pistons being operated by crossheads.,使用标准曲（柄）轴，上活塞便由十字头操作。,and,and,句末+ing 子句,例：The proton is the opposite of th
10、e electron,being a particle of positive electricity.,质子与电子性质相反，它是一种带正电的离子。,例：Mercury is most commonly used in thermometers,having a constant coefficient of expansion.,由于水银的膨胀系数是常数，它常常用于温度计中。,since,since,通常可以在第二个句子（子句）前加一个词，thus 或 thereby,说明第一句话的后果,例：The rivet contracts as it cools,drawing the plates
11、 together.,铆钉冷却收缩时，便把钢板禁固在一起。,例：The rivet contracts as it cools,thereby drawing the plates together.,六、引出问题的几种方法,用“It is necessary to”It is necessary to determine whether those results are correct.用“as to”引出A decision should be taken as to which data is correct.Research is going on as to how the ind
12、ustrial pollution can be controlled.用“It is doubtful/not clear/unknown how”引出It is doubtful how accurate these results are.或 It is not clear how accurate these results are.,引出问题的几种方法,用“depend on what/how”引出The progress of the project will depend on what the weather conditions are like.The progress o
13、f the project will depend on how efficient the organization is.用“according to what/how”引出The type of pump used will vary according to what type of liquid is being pumped.The type of pump used will vary according to how much liquid is being pumped.,2,七、定义句型（definition）,用定义说明某物、某现象的形体特征、结构特点、用途或功能，从而区
14、别于其他事物和现象A Geiger counter is a device which measures radiation.An equilateral figure is a plane figure with all sides equal in length.An acid is a compound which neutralizes a solution of sodium hydroxide,such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid.酸，例如硫酸或硝酸，是能够中和氢氧化钠溶液的化合物。,定义的分类,通用定义特指定义扩展定义,通用定义,An engi
15、neer is a person who designs machines,buildings or public works.Aluminium（铝）is a white metal which is light,weak,and resistant to corrosion.Liquids are states of matter with constant volume but variable shape.A dentist is a doctor who takes care of peoples teeth.A knife is a tool used for cutting.A
16、library is a room or a series of rooms containing a large number of books.Carbon is an element with an atomic weight of 12.01.,通用定义公式,A x is a 通用分类词+,Which is v.+ed v.+ed With+名词短语 v.+ing 或 for v.+ing Prep.+which With the property of v.+ing,Aluminium（铝）is a white metal which is light,weak,and resist
17、ant to corrosion.,A knife is a tool used for cutting.,Carbon is an element with an atomic weight of 12.01.,A library is a room or a series of rooms containing a large number of books.,特指定义,A saw is a tool with toothed edge,used for cutting things.,A key-hole saw is a saw with a narrow blade,used for
18、 cutting holes in wood.,通用定义,特指定义,特指定义的特点,被定义事物是特指的，带有限定语.分类词往往是重复被定义事物的中心词，不是通用分类词.Is 后的名词带有修饰语.,A thermometer is an instrument to measure temperature.,An alcohol thermometer is a thermometer used principally for measuring temperature below freezing point of mercury.,通用定义,特指定义,扩展定义,Aluminium is a m
19、etal which is light in weight.Consequently,it is widely used for the manufacture of aircraft.A match box is a small container used for holding match sticks.It consists of two main parts:the box itself and a rough striking surface.,扩展定义,由通用定义通过例证、对比、对照、或说明扩展而成，也称段落定义,扩展定义,通用定义+例证通用定义+用途通用定义+主要组成部分,.C
20、ommon examples are.Typical examples are,such as,.Therefore,.Consequently,.As a result,.It is used.One of its main uses is,.It consists of+main parts.Its main components are,two threethese,扩展定义,Phosphate is a mineral which is an essential element is high-yielding soil.Therefore,it is used as a fertil
21、izer.A razor（剃刀）is a extremely sharp cutting instrument used for shaving.It consists of two main parts:the blade,or cutting edge,and a handle.,练习：说明下列各定义的类型，并译成汉语：,1、An equation is a mathematical expression in which the two sides balance,such as 1=2-1 and 52=25.2、A cigarette lighter is a device for
22、igniting cigarettes.It consists of three main parts:the housing,the flint,and the lighter fluid.3、Copper is a metal which is a good conductor of electricity.As a result,it is widely used in the electrical industry.,特指定义,扩展定义组成,扩展定义用途,4、Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the deposit of sediment as
23、 in a river bed.5、Cement is a powder with the property of setting into a hard mass after is has been mixed with water.6、A microphone is device for picking up sounds.7、An airport is a place at which airplanes land and take off.,特指定义,通用定义,通用定义,通用定义,8、An alarm clock is an instrument for telling time,ca
24、pable of producing loud noise at a predetermined time.9、A spring scale is an instrument which measures weight by comparing the force exerted by a spring with the gravitational force on an object.,特指定义,特指定义,作业,举出几个英语例句，要求句子里含有下列as的表达式，并翻译成汉语：,as usualas to as regardsas mentioned aboveas it stands,as for as anything as against as a general rule as a consequence,1.4 科技英语常用人称,一、无人称被动句,二、常使用祈使句,
