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1、Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,Chapter 9:Challenges of Global Information Systems,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,2,Objectives,Explain why multinational corporations must use global information systemsProvide elementary advice for designing Web sites for an international a
2、udienceCite the cultural,legal,and other challenges to implementing international information systems,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,3,Multinational Organizations,An increasing number of corporations are becoming multinationalGlobal information system:a system that serves organizations
3、 in multiple countriesUsed by multinational corporationsOverseas operations must abide by local laws,yet be sensitive to local cultures and standards,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,4,The Web and International Commerce,The Web has become an important vehicle for B2B and B2C commerceThe
4、ratio of non-English speakers to English speakers on the Web is growingInternet opens enormous global opportunitiesChinese market is expected to be the largest in the futureThe Web offers opportunities to increase revenue and to save on costs,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,5,Management
5、 Information Systems,Sixth Edition,6,The Web and International Commerce(continued),Online manuals with animation replace paper documentsWeb sites and documentation are presented in many languagesGlobal businesses must be sensitive to local audiencesGlobalization:designing global sites to cater to lo
6、cal needs and preferencesExample:McDonalds menu changes to appeal to local palates,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,7,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,8,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,9,Think Globally,Act Locally,International companies must“think globally,act l
7、ocally”Acting locally means being sensitive to regional customs and language nuancesControl must be decentralizedStrategic planning should be global,but can be followed with a local flavor,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,10,Think Globally,Act Locally(continued),Management Information Sy
8、stems,Sixth Edition,11,Challenges of Global Information Systems,Global information systems face challenges such as:Technological barriersRegulations and tariffsElectronic payment mechanismsDifferent languages and culturesEconomic and political considerationsDifferent measurement and notation standar
9、dsLegal barriersDifferent time zones,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,12,Technological Challenges,Not all countries have adequate information technology infrastructure to allow companies to build an international ISBroadband communication lines are needed to support todays graphics-rich
10、Web pagesCompanies can offer two versions of their Web sites to compensate for slower bandwidth,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,13,Technological Challenges(continued),Language is another technological challengeEight-bit byte code is not sufficient for languages with large character sets
11、Unicode allows for 65,536 charactersMust coordinate with databases and applicationsTelephone number and postal code formats are different in different countries,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,14,Regulations and Tariffs,Countries have different import regulations and tariffsExecutives m
12、ay be reluctant because of hassles of learning the laws,taxes,tariffs,and regulations of other countriesCompanies must comply with the laws of destination countriesNextLinx help importers and exporters for Web commerce by providing tariffs,customs delay information,license requirements,etc.,Manageme
13、nt Information Systems,Sixth Edition,15,Differences in Payment Mechanisms,E-commerce allows easy payment for online purchasesCredit cards are the preferred payment method in North AmericaNot all countries have adopted this preferenceHigh level of stolen credit cards in Eastern EuropeEuropeans prefer
14、 debit cardsMost Japanese reluctant to use credit cards,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,16,Language Differences,International parties must agree on a common language for communicationData might not be transmittable internationally in real time because it must first be translatedEnglish
15、is considered the de facto international languageLarge companies translate their Web sites into local languages,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,17,Cultural Differences,People from different countries vary in their:TastesGesturesPreferred colorsTreatment of people of certain gender or ag
16、eAttitudes about workOpinions about ethical issues,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,18,Cultural Differences(continued),Conservative groups in other countries may dislike the“Americanization”of their culturesWeb designers must be sensitive to cultural differences,Management Information Sy
17、stems,Sixth Edition,19,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,20,Conflicting Economic,Scientific,and Security Interests,Goal of corporate management is to seize a large market share and maximize organization profitsGoal of a national government is to protect its economic,scientific,and securit
18、y interestsScientific information is an important national resource as well as a great source of income for foreign corporationsOccasionally interests conflict,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,21,Conflicting Economic,Scientific,and Security Interests(continued),Weapons manufacturers have
19、 technical drawings that are valuable to both the company and the security of countryGovernments may not allow the exchange of weapon designsPGP encryption application was opposed by the U.S.governmentThought to compromise national securityUsed by the 9/11 terrorists to encrypt their communication,M
20、anagement Information Systems,Sixth Edition,22,Conflicting Economic,Scientific,and Security Interests(continued),Countries treat trade secrets,patents,and copyrights differentlyMay hinder the transfer of documents to certain divisions of a multinational corporationIntellectual property is tightly pr
21、otected in the U.S.and Western Europe,but less so in other countries,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,23,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,24,Political Challenges,Information is powerSome countries oppose the policy of free access to information as a threat to their sovereignt
22、yThey believe it might give other nations an opportunity to control indigenous resourcesGovernments may require that only open source software is used in government operationsGlobal corporations must ensure compatibility with software adopted by local governments,Political Challenges(continued),Some
23、 governments limit how the Internet is usedFree speech is not a universal principleWeb content restrictions are common in many countriesGlobal companies must obey local lawsMay require collaboration with the government,resulting in arrest and prosecution of local usersEthical dilemma:how to balance
24、the business interest with moral principles,and not help dictatorships violate civil rights,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,25,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,26,Different Standards,Differences in standards must be considered when integrating ISs internationallyRecords may
25、be incompatibleUnited States uses the English system of weights and measures;the rest of the world uses the metric systemNASA lost a$125 million Mars orbiter mission due to an error in a data transfer,caused by a mismatch between U.S.and metric measurements,Management Information Systems,Sixth Editi
26、on,27,Different Standards(continued),Different standards also exist for:DatesTimesTemperaturesAddressesUnited States uses month/day/year format;the rest of the world uses day/month/year,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,28,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,29,Different Standard
27、s(continued),Companies must adapt their ISs to changing formal or de facto standardsEuropean Article Number(EAN):bar code that includes an extra number to identify countryUniversal Product Code(UPC):American standard without the last extra numberAmerican Uniform Code Council(UCC):promoted the use of
28、 European standardU.S.companies had to adapt ISs to recognize,record,and process the new bar code standard,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,30,Different Standards(continued),UCC is now trying to expand product codes to the 14-digit Global Trade Item Numbers(GTINs)GTINs support global sup
29、ply chains by allowing many more product ID valuesThe major push to use RFID tags in the U.S.could expand to the rest of the world,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,31,Legal Barriers,Countries have different laws that affect global business in general and e-commerce in particularDiffering
30、 laws pose challenges to:International transfer of dataFree speechLocation of legal proceedings when disputes arise,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,32,Legal Barriers(continued),Privacy lawsRespect for privacy in international business is an unresolved challengeThe majority of democratic
31、 nations try to protect individual privacyLaws reflect a difference in approach to issue of privacy,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,33,Legal Barriers(continued),European Union practices may conflict with U.S.practicesPersonal data may be collected only for specified purposesPersonal dat
32、a cannot be processed without the unambiguous consent of the subjectCollecting organizations must identify themselvesSubjects have the right to know to whom their data is disclosedSubjects have the right to object to processing of their personal data,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,34,L
33、egal Barriers(continued),American companies are busy collecting,buying,and selling data for marketing and decision makingThis discrepancy between the European and American approaches prevents unrestricted flow of informationEU directive is only a framework;EU countries may have more restrictive laws
34、Safe Harbor:arrangement for U.S.companies that have agreed to comply with the EU directive,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,35,Legal Barriers(continued),Privacy laws regarding employees are also different in the U.S.and EUOther applicable laws affecting online business include those that
35、 address:Free speech What can or cannot be displayed onlineGamblingAuctioningSale of alcoholic beverages and drugs,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,36,Different Time Zones,Different global regions require policies for work and information systemsTeleconferencing systems must be available
36、 most of the day,sometimes 24 hours per dayAllows employees from different time zones to discuss problems that need immediate resolutionTeams in support centers may work shifts to accommodate clients worldwide,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,37,Management Information Systems,Sixth Editi
37、on,38,Different Time Zones(continued),Managers must be aware of incorrect time stamping in different localesSystems at both locations can be designed to record local times of both locations,or record a single time(that of the company headquarters),Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,39,Summ
38、ary,Companies using the Web for business must accommodate non-English speaking audiencesCompanies must tailor to local preferencesThey must be aware of cultural differences and payment preferencesThey must be aware of tariff and legal issuesLinguistic,cultural,economic,and political challenges must
39、be addressed,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,40,Summary(continued),Laws governing the collection and manipulation of personal data in the U.S.and European Union are differentThe U.S.and EU have incompatible data privacy laws,which restrict the flow of personal data between the U.S.and E
40、USafe Harbor arrangement enables EU companies to do business with U.S.companies,Management Information Systems,Sixth Edition,41,Summary(continued),The old legal approach of territorial jurisdiction is inadequate for business conducted on the WebFree speech and consumer litigation of e-tailers have brought to light the need for international legal reform for cyberspace,
