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1、Welcome,Morphology,Chapter Five,Contents,I.Definition of Morphology and Types;II.Morphemes;III.Words;IV.Morphophonology.,I.Definition of Morphology and Types,Definition of Morphology:Morphology is the scientific study of the internal structure of words and of the rules by which words are formed,prim
2、arily through the use of the morpheme construct;Types:Inflectional（屈折形态学）-inflections;Derivational（派生形态学）-word formation.,II.Morphemes,2.1 Morpheme,Morph and Allomorph:2.1.1 Morpheme（语素）;2.1.2 Morph（语子）2.2.2 Derivational（派生）vs.Inflectional（屈折）.,Diagram of Morphemes,2.1.1 Morpheme,Examples:un-self-is
3、h;re-marri-ed;anti-trust;ex-wife.,A morpheme is the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit,it is an association of a given meaning with a given sound pattern.,2.1.2 Morph and Allomorph,Examples:cat-s-s;dog-s-z;horse-s-iz;il-legal-il-;ir-regular-ir-;im-possible-im-;in-direct-in-;in-correct-i-.,
4、A morph is a discrete phonetic unit in the realization of a morpheme;An allomorph is one of the morphs in the realization of the same morpheme in a linguistic sequence.,2.2.1 Free vs.Bound,Examples:car;horse-s;happi-ness;il-legal;re-ceive;con-tain;pre-fer.,A free morpheme is a form that can occur as
5、 a separate word;A bound morpheme is a form that cant occur as a separate word,mainly as an affix（词缀）,or sometimes as a root（词根）.,2.2.2 Derivational vs.Inflectional,A derivational morpheme is a bound form that changes the grammatical class of the morpheme to which they are attached,the result is a n
6、ew word with a new lexical meaning,ex.nation-al,en-large;,An inflectional morpheme is a bound form that signals the grammatical relationship of the morpheme to which they are attached,the result is the same word with a new grammatical meaning,ex.walk-s,walk-ed,walk-ing.,Diagram of Morphemes,III.Word
7、,3.1 Definition and Classification;3.2 Word Structure;3.3 Word Formation.,3.1 Definition and Classification,3.1.1 Definition:A word is a linguistic unit which is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning,capable of performing a given syntactic function;,3.1.2 Classification:Monomorphemic
8、（单语素词）vs.Polymorphemic（多语素词）;Variable（可变词）vs.Invariable（不可变词）;Functional（功能词）vs.Lexical（词汇词）;Open-class（开放类）vs.Closed-class（封闭类）;Part of speech（词性）vs.Word-class（词类）.,Monomorphemic vs.Polymorphemic,A monomorphemic word consists of only one morpheme,such as car,dog,child.,A polymorphemic word consists
9、 of more than one morpheme,such as black-board,pre-occupy,occasion-al-ly.,Variable vs.Invariable,A variable word can be changed and thus has different endings with different meanings,such as nouns,adjectives,adverbs,verbs,etc.,An invariable word cant be changed and thus has no different endings,such
10、 as pronouns,prepositions,articles,etc.,Functional vs.Lexical,Functional(also called grammatical or structural)words express grammatical meanings,such as conjunctions,prepositions,articles,and pronouns,etc.,Lexical(also known as content or full)words express lexical meanings,such as nouns,verbs,adje
11、ctives,and adverbs,etc.,Open-class vs.Closed-class,The open-class refers to the group of words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,adjectives,adverbs,verbs,etc.,The closed-class refers to the group of words whose membership is fixed or limited,such as pronouns,conjun
12、ctions,prepositions,etc.,Part of speech vs.Word-class,Part of speech is the traditional term for a grammatical class of words,which groups words on the Greek and Latin traditions,including the noun,pronoun,verb,adverb,conjunction,etc.,Word-class is the new term for a grammatical class of words,which
13、 groups words on the basis of formal similarities,including the particles,auxiliaries,pro-forms,determiners,etc.,Particles（小品词）,1.The infinitive particle:to;2.The negative particle:not;3.The verbal particle:by in come by,up in make up,back in pay back,etc.,Auxiliaries（助动词）,Tense auxiliaries:be,do,ha
14、ve;Modal auxiliaries:can,may,must,etc.,Pro-forms（代词形式）,Pro-adjective:so(Your pen is red.So is mine);Pro-verb:do(He knows English better than she does);Pro-adverb:so(He hopes to win and I hope so,too.);Pro-locative:there(Janes hiding there,behind the door).,Determiners（限定词）,Pre-determiners:all,twice,
15、one-third;Mid-determiners:the,this,my,some,each,enough;Post-determiners:one,second,other.,3.2 Word Structure,3.2.1 Root（词根）;3.2.2 Affix（词缀）;3.2.3 Stem（词干）;3.2.4 Base（词基）.,Table,Chart,3.2.1 Root,Examples:happi-ness;blackbird-s;see-ing;pre-occupi-ed;re-ceive.,A root is the base form of a word which ca
16、nnot be further analyzed without total loss of identity,i.e.the part of the word without any affixes;Types:free vs.bound;monomorphemic vs.polymorphemic.,3.2.2 Affix,Examples:en-large;friend-ly;look-ed;re-marri-ed;en-courage-ment.,An affix is a bound morpheme which can only be used with another morph
17、eme;Types:derivational vs.inflectional;prefix vs.suffix.,3.2.3 Stem,Examples:house-s;blackbird-s;speaker-s;bigg-er;studi-ed;tak-ing;,A stem refers to the word form to which an inflectional morpheme can be attached;Types:monomorphemic vs.polymorphemic;derivational vs.non-derivational.,3.2.4 Base,Exam
18、ples:un-happy;unhappi-ness;con-tain;contain-mentpre-fer;preference;,A base refers to a word form to which a derivational morpheme can be attached;Types:free vs.boundmonomorphemic vs.polymorphemic.,Relationship Among Root,Stem,Base and Affix,happi-ness;implied-ly;,-/+,-,Base,act-ed;interact-ing;,-,-/
19、+,Stem,inter-nation-al;un-satisfi-ed;,-,-,Root,Inflectional,Derivational,Examples,Affix,Relationship Among Morphemes,Roots&Affixes,3.3 Word Formation,3.3.1 Morphological Rules;3.3.2 Word Formation Process.,形态规则，即构词规则，指那些制约着派生语素和其他语素或者和词之间组合的规则。,3.3.1 Morphological Rules,Morphological rules,also call
20、ed rules of word formation,refer to those that govern the combination of one derivational morpheme with another morpheme or word.,3.3.2 Word Formation Process,3.3.2.1 Derivation;3.3.2.2 Composition;3.3.2.3 Conversion;3.3.2.4 Abbreviation;3.3.2.5 Back-formation;,3.3.2.6 Blending;3.3.2.7 Onomatopoeia;
21、3.3.2.8 Reduplication;3.3.2.9 Sentence-condensation;3.3.2.10 Acronymization.,IV.Morphophonology,4.1 Definition of Morphophonology;4.2 Focus of Morphophonology;4.3 Morphophonological Rules:4.3.1 Definition4.3.2 Rules for Regular Changes;4.3.3 Rules for Irregular Changes.,形态音位学是指对影响语素形式的音位因素加以分析和分类的研究
22、。,4.1 Definition of Morphophonology,Morphophonology,also called morphophonemics,refers to the study of the analysis and classification of the phonological factors which affect the appearance of morphemes.,4.2 Focus of Morphophonology,形态音位是形态音位学的核心，它代表了出现在某一组语法环境内的某类音位。,The focus of morphophonology i
23、s morphophoneme,which represents the class of phonemes that occurs within a particular set of grammatical environments;,It is symbolized by a capital letter within brace brackets,e.g.S(/z/as one of its members)is realized as iz after sibilants,s after voiceless sounds,and z after voiced sounds.,形态音位
24、规则是根据语法环境把形态音位表现转换成与之相应的音位形式时所使用的规则。,4.3.1 Definition,Morphophonological rules are those which transform morphophonemic representations to their corresponding phonological forms according to the grammatical environments.,4.3.2 Rules for Regular Changes,Statement of the Rules of Plural Endings:Rule a
25、:Insert i before/-z/thus make it become-iz when a regular noun ends in a sibilant;Rule b:Change the voiced/-z/to voiceless-s when it is preceded by a voiceless sound other than sibilants;Rule c:Realize/-z/as-z if neither rule a nor rule b applies;Application of the above rules.,Application of the Ab
26、ove Rules,pigz,pets,kisiz,Phonetic Representation,-z,Rule c,NA,-s,Rule b,NA,NA,-iz,Rule a,/pig-z/,/pet-z/,/kis-z/,Phonemic Representation,Rules must be used ORDERLY!,4.3.3 Rules for Irregular Changes,Suppletion（异干交替）is a morphological way to indicate the grammatical relationship between morphemes with different roots:e.g.foot/feet,good/better/best,go/went/gone,etc;,Zero morph（零语子）is a morphological way to indicate the grammatical relationship between morphemes with the same roots:e.g.sheep/sheep,hard/hard,put/put/put,etc.,See You Next Time!,
