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1、BIS对OSAS患者经鼻清醒盲探气管插管镇静程度的评估【摘要】 目的探讨脑电双频指数(BIS)评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者经鼻清醒盲探气管插管镇静程度的可靠性。方法选择30例Malampati试验IIIIV级的OSAS患者,无重要器官器质性疾病,行悬雍垂腭咽成形术(uvulopalatopharyngiplasty,UPPP)。插管前给予患者咪唑安定、芬太尼,直至镇静评分(OAA/S)为3分时,然后经鼻腔盲探插管,记录用药前后及插管前后心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、BIS和OAA/S评分变化。结果患者BIS值随镇静深度加深而下降,且与OAA/S评
2、分下降一致,镇静后BIS值与OAA/S评分5分时相比有显著性差异;血液动力学参数HR,MAP随OAA/S评分由5分降为3分而逐渐下降,与镇静前相比有显著性差异;经鼻插管后BIS,HR,MAP均上升,与OAA/S评分3分时相比有显著性差异,插管前后SpO2均无显著性差异,镇静后均能耐受盲探插管操作,术后随访患者对插管过程无记忆。结论BIS参数能准确反映OSAS患者的镇静深度,当BIS值76-85,OAA/S评分3分时的镇静深度适宜行OSAS患者经鼻清醒盲探气管插管。 【关键词】 脑电双频指数;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征;镇静;清醒经鼻盲探气管插管 Evaluate Suitable Sedativ
3、e Depth of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome for conscious blind nasotracheal intubation by Bispectral index【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate the relibility of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients suitable sedative depth for conscious blind nasotracheal intubation by Bispectral index(BIS). M
4、ethods Thirty cases of OSAS patients with Malampati test IIIIV,without critical organ parenchymal disease,with Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP).The patients were administered fentanyl and midazolam by vein until the score of OAA/S dropped to three, then for blind nasotracheal intubation.To record th
5、e numbers of BP, MAP, SpO2, BIS and OAA/S before administering drugs,after medication,before intubation and after achieving intubation.ResultThe values of BIS dropped with the deepening of sedation,and accorded to the drop of OAA/S,and a significant difference was observed compared with before sedat
6、ion.Their HR, MAP also dropped with the dropping of OAA/S,and a significant difference was observed compared with before sedation. The values of BIS, HR, MAP of the patitents had a significant ascend after intubation, and a significant difference was observed compared with the score of OAA/S dropped
7、 to three, SpO2 of both groups consistently maintained in normal range ,The patitents can tolerance the process of the blind tracheal intubation after a suitable sedation.The patitents had no remembrance in following up of post-operation.ConclusionBIS was avail to evaluate exactly the depth of sedat
8、ion.During the sedative depth of three of OAA/S and 76-85 of BIS ,it is suitable for conscious blind nasotracheal intubation to be operated.【Keyword】Bispectral index;obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS); sedation;conscious blind nasotracheal intubation阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)是成年患者中常见的疾病,在中年男性和女性中的发病率分别
9、高达4%和2%,其中6090%的患者合并肥胖,大多还存在颈粗短、小下颌畸形,舌体肥大,舌根肥厚等症状,Mohammad1等人研究了36例OSAS患者,困难插管的发生率为21.9%,明显高于非OSAS对照组,此类患者全麻后易发生困难插管,已经达成共识。因此我们采用慢诱导,同时辅以完善的口鼻咽腔、气管的表面麻醉行清醒经鼻气管插管,采用脑电双频指数(BIS)结合镇静评分(OAA/S)监测镇静深度,探讨BIS对评估镇静深度的应用价值,并综合各参数提供一个合理安全的经鼻清醒盲探插管的镇静深度。资料和方法一般资料择期行悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)的患者30例,年龄3550 岁,体重85115kg,合并高血
10、压5例,无肝肾等重要器官器质性病变,无长期服用苯二氮卓类药物史。按Malamptti2分类法为III-IV级,手术方法采用经典HUPPP +硬腭截短术。术前准备术前30分钟肌肉注射阿托品0.5mg,不使用任何镇静药。入室后开放静脉输液,导尿并予面罩吸氧,常规监测心电图(ECG)、无创血压(NIBP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)。头部安装电极,应用Aspect-2000TMBIS监护仪监测并记录BIS参数。麻醉方法慢诱导经鼻气管插管全身麻醉,先静脉给予咪唑安定0.02mg/kg后,常规麻黄素和1%丁卡因收缩和表麻鼻腔黏膜,同时舌咽部表喷1%丁卡因34次,每次间隔12min,然后用1%丁卡因4 ml
11、,环甲膜穿刺给药,随即让患者咳嗽,使表麻药广泛分布,随即追加芬太尼1g/kg、咪唑安定每次0.01mg/kg,直至警觉/镇静观察评分(OAA/S)3达3分,将导管涂以润滑剂后,沿鼻腔推入咽部,嘱病人闭嘴用鼻呼吸,插管者根据呼吸音的大小及气流强度随时调整导管,左右旋转,直到呼出气流最大时导管对准声门,插入气管内,所有病例3次内均成功插入。监测指标记录入室后、用药前后及插管前后BIS、HR、MAP、SpO2和OAA/S评分的变化。术后第二天随访患者对插管过程有无记忆。统计分析采用SPSS 11.0分析软件进行分析。所有数据以以均数标准差(s)表示,组间比较采用两两t检验,P0.05为有显著性差异,
12、 表1:OAA/S镇静评分表反应性语音面部表情眼睛评分对正常语调反应快正常正常无眼睑下垂5(清醒)对正常语调反应冷淡稍慢或含糊稍微放松眼睑轻度下垂4仅对大声呼名有反应不清或明显变慢明显放松眼睑明显下垂3(浅睡)仅对轻推有反应吐字不清一一2对推动无反应一一一1(深睡)结果应用镇静药物后,随着OAA/S评分由5分降低到3分,BIS值从95.3士2. 6逐渐降低为81. 8士3. 5,镇静后BIS值与OAA/S评分5时分相比有显著性差异(见表2)。表2:不同OAA/S评分时的BIS值(s)OAA/S评分54321BIS值95.3士2. 288.3士5.681. 8士3. 5*一一*与OAA/S 5分
13、相比P0.01血液动力学参数HR,MAP随OAA/S评分由5分降为3分而逐渐下降,与镇静前相比有显著差异,SpO2插管始终维持在97-100%,插管前后均无显著性差异。(见表3)表3:不同镇静深度时循环和呼吸状况(s)OAA/S评分54321HR(次/分)91.5士9.185.7土8.9*83.6土9.0*-MAP(mmHg)78.7士6.875.1士6.371.0士6.1-SpO2(%)99.2土0.899.7土0.799.7士1.4-与OAA/S 5分相比,*P0.01, *P0.05 经鼻插管后两组BIS,HR,MAP均上升,与OAA/ 5评分3分时相比有显著性差异,SpO2插管前后均无
14、显著性差异。(见表4)表4:经鼻盲探气管插管过程中BIS、HR、MAP和SpO2变化(s)鼻插管前鼻插管后1min3 min5 minOAA/S评分3443BIS值81. 8士3. 586.1士5.1*84.2士3.1*83.6士3.5HR(次/分)83.6土9. 085.8士6.5*84.6士5.983.4士6.7MAP(mmHg)71.0士6.175.6士5.8*74.6士6.2*74.3士5.2*SpO2(%)99.7士1.498.3士1.198.7士1.497.8士1.2与鼻插管前相比,*0.01. *PII级为OSAS预测的决定性因素之一,Hiremath等7研究发现高Mallamp
15、ati评分与困难插管和OSAS都有密切关联,可将Mallampati评分用于OSAS的预测。病人对面端坐,用力张口伸舌,将咽部显露程度分为四类。I级:可见软愕、咽腭弓、悬雍垂;II级:可见软腭、咽腭弓,悬雍垂被舌根部分遮盖;III级:仅见软腭;IV级:未见软腭。将I II级视为插管条件良好,可以在快诱导下进行插管;III IV级视为条件不佳,应采用保留自主呼吸清醒插管。术前紧张和气管插管操作引起的疼痛不适都可以引起患者不安、心率加快、血压上升,部分患者甚至不能配合操作,导致气管插管失败。适当的镇静不仅要使患者能耐受操作,术后无不良记忆;还要患者能准确配合操作,同时不能造成循环和呼吸的抑制。近年
16、来,咪唑安定作为新一代苯二氮卓类药物,镇静作用强,并具有抗焦虑和顺行性遗忘的特点,而广泛应用于临床镇静。咪唑安定与芬太尼联合应用,可加强其镇静作用,减轻操作中的不适,但同时也可增加其呼吸、循环抑制的副作用。因此,对这一理想镇静深度提供一个客观的评判指标显得尤为重要。OAA/S评分系统简便易行,但在临床判断镇静深度中易受人为因素影响。若操作过程中镇静深度不够,可能增加患者痛苦不适,引起血流动力学较大波动,甚至部分患者不配合而影响操作。若镇静深度过深,可能会给气道困难患者带来危险。美国FDA8于1986年批准BIS为监测麻醉镇静深度的指标。Glass等9发现BIS和OAA/S评分显著相关,能很好地
17、反映镇静程度。BIS通过对清醒和睡眠状态下脑电图波形作阶梯式回归分析、计算并量化原始脑电的非线性关系,可预测镇静和催眠程度。 本研究采用OAA/S评分结合量化BIS参数反映镇静深度,可避免OAA/S评分过程中人为因素的干扰。结果显示随着OAA/S评分由5分降到3分,BIS也随之下降,与文献报道10结果一致,在镇静程度加深的同时,血液动力学参数HR、MAP逐渐下降,与镇静前相比有显著差异。经鼻盲探气管插管操作过程中BIS、HR、MAP均有升高,与OAA/S评分3分时相比有显著性差异。上述变化可能与插管操作刺激有关,以此时BIS值对照OAA/S评分,经鼻插管后仍处于3-4分,结果所有患者均能耐受插
18、管过程,术后随访对插管过程均无记忆。若镇静深度加深到1-2分,可能会减少刺激反应,但也容易发生呼吸抑制和缺氧,且患者不能配合,使原有气道困难问题更难处理。综上所述,与OAA/S评分相比,BIS能够更准确地反映镇静深度,BIS为76-85,OAA/S评分3分时的镇静深度适合OSAS患者经鼻清醒盲探气管插管。参考文献1Mohammad A.Siyam,Dan Benhamou.Difficult Endotracheal Intubation in Patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome.Anesth Analg.2002,95:1098-1102.2Woodson
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