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1、托福考试备考资料语法笔记1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案：B分析：动词believe 的用法：直接加that引导的宾语从句。这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句。参考译文：大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液。2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _
2、 at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案：B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D的语序不对。参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家。补充： 常考 the first/second/ one
3、 to do sth3. On January 7， 1955， Marian Anderson became _ to sing a major role at New York Citys Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案：A分析：缺宾语，C， D都不能作宾语。一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出
4、现两个谓语，一定错。参考译文：1955年1月7号，Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人。4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States， _ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenon
5、B. a phenomenon that acceleratedC. accelerating a phenomenon which，D. the acceleration of which phenomenon答案：B分析：考的是同位语结构，a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 的同位语。A中and为conj.，后面应该连接一个完整的句子，但缺主语，错;C中语序混乱，错; D中of which作为介词宾语，后面应该接一个完整句，但只有一个phenomenon主语，句子不完整，错。参考
6、译文：可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化，当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区，这个现象更被促进了。补充： accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _ President.A. he becameB. when becomingC. becameD. did he become答案：A分析：before为状语从句引导词conj，后面一般引导一个完整的句子。B同时出现两个状语从句
7、引导词，错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序，选项中使用了倒装句式，错。参考译文：里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州的州长。6. _， domesticated grapes grow in clusters， range in color from pale green to black， and contain sugar in varying quantities.A. Their botanical classification as berriesB. Although their botanical classification as berriesC. Because berrie
8、s being their botanical classificationD. Classified botanically as berries答案：D分析：句子的主语是grapes ， 后面是平行结构grow， range， and contain。空格后的句子已完整，那么空格处就应该是同位语，状语从句，分词等修饰成分。A中Their指代不明，而且classification和berries也不相符，错;B中Although为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错;C中Because为conj.，后面应该是完整句，错。参考译文：培植的葡萄的植物分类跟浆果是一样的，它们成串的长在树上，颜色从灰白
9、色到黑色，并且包含由不同数量的糖份。7. The cymbal is _ in the military band and is also frequently used in modern orchestral music.A. a basic instrumentB. basic instrumentC. how basic an instrument it isD. as an instrument is basic答案：A分析：instrument可数，前面应该有限定词a.and前为一简单句。参考译文：铙钹在军乐队里是一个基本的乐器，而且还经常在现代管弦乐里使用。8. In instr
10、umentalist philosophy， ideas and knowledge are exclusively functional processes： they are of significance only _ instrumental in the development of experience.A. as they areB. are theyC. there areD. are答案：A分析：两个谓语需要有一个conj.来连接。一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错。参考译文：在乐器演奏家的哲学里面，思想和知识是专有排外性的功能性的过程。他们的重要意义仅限于在经验发展
11、的过程中，用于乐器演奏。9. _ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen， and most do both.A. Working fire extinguishersB. Fire extinguishers that workC. Fire extinguishers workD. The work of fire extinguishers答案：C分析：空格中缺主谓。A中没有谓语;B中that多余，因为句中只有一个谓语;D也没有谓语。参考译文：灭火器的通过冷却或者减少火中的氧气的方法工作的，大多数时候两个方法都会用到。10
12、. The introduction of mass-production methods enabled many people _ and gave them an unprecedented amount of mobility.A. to purchase their own automobilesB. their own to purchase automobilesC. to their own purchase automobilesD. own their automobiles to purchase答案：A分析：为固定结构enable sb to do sth.参考译文：规
13、模生产方法的产生，使得人们能够买自己的车，并获得了空前的灵活性。(2)1. Frances Perkins， _ of the United States cabinet， served in the cabinet as secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945.A. the first female memberB. was the first female memberC. the first female member whoD. of whom the first female member答案：A分析：主语同位语结构。B中多了一个谓语was，因为后面
14、已经有一个谓语动词served， 一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错; C中who多余，用法也不正确;D中of whom多余，不是定语从句，考的是同位语结构。参考译文：Frances Perkins，是美国内阁的第一为女性成员，她从1933到1945年在内阁担任劳工部秘书。2. When _ to dough and heated， carbon dioxide is released， causing the dough to rise.A. is added baking powderB. added baking powder isC. is baking powder adde
15、dD. baking powder is added答案：D分析：When为状语从句引导词;语序应该为正常语序，A，C错;B语序混乱，明显应该用被动形式，而且有固定结构add to.参考译文：当把烘烤用粉加到面团里加热的时候，会释放出二氧化碳，使得面团涨开。3. _ the percentage of individuals with similar traits in succeeding generations， geneticists use the theory of probability.A. The calculation ofB. To calculateC. Is calcu
16、latingD. Calculated答案：B分析：to calculate，这里用不定式表示“目的”，前半句的逻辑主语是geneticists，只有B符合要求;A中只有主语，句子不完整。参考译文：遗传学家运用概率的理论来计算在后代中拥有相似特点个体占有的百分比。补充： 如同A的形式， 逗号前面就是一个名词短语， 然而正确的句子里， 名词短语要么作为主语的同位语， 要么本身是主语， 如11题。 否则就是脱离句子成分， 成为错误。4. Big-band uaaz relies on fixed arrangements， where_than one instrument playing som
17、e of the parts， rather than on improvisation.A. is moreB. whenever moreC. there is moreD. more答案：C分析：where引导状语从句，后面缺主谓。参考译文：大型乐队爵士依赖于固定的安排，其中演奏相同部分音乐的乐器超过一个，而不是现声发挥。5. Because of _ diversity， seven separate groupings or divisions of algae have been established by botanists.A. themB. so thatC. thoseD
18、. their答案：D分析：those是泛指，这里应该用their来特指seven separate groupings or divisions of algae.参考译文：因为海藻们的不同特性，植物学家把他们分成7个不同的组别或分支。6. Chromosomes are regarded today as the major carriers of genetic material， _ of DNA and various types of protein.A. consistingB. as to consistC. consistD. which consisting答案：A分析：分
19、词作状语。如果用consist的话，应该用个conj.后面加个完整的句子。参考译文：染色体现今被认为是主要的遗传物质携带者，这些遗传物质由DNA和各种各样的蛋白质组成。7. The leopard seal is the only pinniped _ preys on penguins and other seals.A. that normallyB. of which it normallyC. normallyD. that it normally答案：A分析：句中出现is和preys两个谓语动词，一定是个复合句;用that引导定语从句，pinniped为先行词，that后为不完整句。
20、参考译文：美洲虎海豹是仅有的捕食企鹅和其他海豹的鳍足类动物。8. _ “nova” means new， novas are actually stars that have existed for a long time and suddenly flare into brilliance.A. ThatB. WhyC. AlthoughD. It is答案：C分析：空格后有2个完整句，空格处需要一个conj.参考译文：尽管nova意味着新的，但其实新星们是存在了很久而突然闪耀出光辉的恒星。9. Because Mars is farther from the Sun than _， Mar
21、s takes longer to complete a revolution.A. Earth isB. is from EarthC. what is EarthD. is it Earth答案：A分析：比较结构的对称性：Mars is farther than Earth is，is后省略了from the Sun参考译文：因为火星比地球离太阳要远，火星绕太阳转一圈的时间要比地球长。10. A social system is _ of social relations that draws the behavior of its members toward the core valu
22、es of the group.A. a complex networkB. how a complex networkC. a complex network andD. a network that is complex答案：A分析：缺宾语。B中的从句只有主语，句子不完整，错;C中and作为连词，后面缺谓语，错;D错，因为of前应该为名词。参考译文：社会系统就是一个社会关系的复杂网络，这个网络里把成员的行为方式向核心价值观靠拢。(3)1. Bubbles， flaws， and other irregularities diffuse the light that passes throu
23、gh stained glass， _ the glass sparkle.A. which makingB. and makingC. makingD. to making答案：C分析：空格前的句子结构完整，这里的分词作状语。A中用which来引导非限制性定语从句，而句中无谓语，错;B中and作为连接词，而and后的句子不完整，没有谓语，错;D错，不定式的结构应该是to do.参考译文：气泡，裂纹和其他的不规则会使光线穿过受损的玻璃时发散开，使得玻辽练狻?BR补充： stained glass常指教堂的彩色玻璃2. Fog is common near _ _ inland bodies o
24、f water and along coasts in temperate zones.A. there are largeB. largeC. either largeD. where large答案：B分析：A使得句中出现两个谓语动词，且中间无连接词，错;C应该是either or结构，但句中没有出现or;D中where引导的句子不完整，错。参考译文：雾通常在靠近大型内陆水体和沿着温和地带边缘的地方发生。3. The portrayal of everyday life in the objects of folk art makes it _ valuable source of his
25、tory.A. and aB. so that aC. aD. is a答案：C分析：make结构，make+n.1/pron+n.2/adj.参考译文：描述日常生活的民间艺术品使它们本身成为有价值的历史来源。4. _ by the United States governments Bureau of Labor Statistics， the Consumer Price Index compares current costs of goods and services with past costs.A. To prepareB. As it preparedC. When prepa
26、rationD. Prepared答案：D分析：由后半句可以知道句子的逻辑主语应该是Consumer Price Index， 而且空格后是by，所以应该用被动形式，只能选D.参考译文：消费者价格索引是美国政府劳工统计部完成的，它把现在的物品价格跟以前的做了比较。5. _ carries the genes， which determine the hereditary characteristics of the cell or organism.A. The chromosomeB. The chromosome thatC. Whereas the chromosomeD. There
27、is a chromosome答案：A分析：该句是非限制性定语从句，前半句已经有谓语和宾语，缺主语，选A.参考译文：染色体携带了遗传物质，这些遗传物质决定了细胞和生物体的遗传特性。6. _ directly with most metals to form compounds called carbides.A. Carbon reactingB. Carbon reactsC. The reaction of carbonD. When carbon reacts答案：B分析：从句意来看，called在这里不是谓语动词，而是分词做后置定语： which are called carbides
28、.空格中缺主语和谓语，选B.参考译文：碳直接跟大部分金属反应而形成碳化物的化合物。7. Meteorites are slowed down by Earths atmosphere， but if they are moving _， they can form a crater on impact.A. enough fastB. fast enoughC. so fast enoughD enough are fast答案：B分析：enough的用法，固定顺序：adj.+enough参考译文：陨石受地球大气阻挡而慢下来，但如果他们移动的足够快，他们能在撞击后形成一个大坑。8. Locat
29、ed at the upper end of each_ an adrenal gland， an integral part of the endocrine system.A. kidney which isB. kidney isC. kidney beingD. kidney答案：B分析：该句为简单句，而且使用了倒装形式，原句为：An adrenal gland， an integral part of the endocrine system is located at the upper end of each kidney.参考译文：肾上腺是内分泌系统的一个完整的部分，它位于肾的
30、上端。9. About 75 percent of all cadmium is used for cadmium plating of _ such as iron and steel.A. easily corroded metalsB. metals are easily corrodedC. corroded metals that easilyD. how easily metals corroded答案：A分析：B中的are多余，否则句中出现两个谓语，错;C中的that引导定语从句，而从句缺谓语，错;用法错误，of后一般接名词。参考译文：75%的所有镉金属都用来对类似铁、钢的容易腐
31、蚀的金属进行镉镀膜了。10. An atom is a basic structural unit of matter， the smallest particle of an element _ into chemical combination.A. that can enterB. can it enterC. when entering it canD. that enters can答案：A分析：that引导定语从句，element为先行词。the smallest particle of an element 是 a basic structural unit of matter的
32、宾语同位语。参考译文：原子是物体的基本结构单元，是元素形成化学组合特性的最小的颗粒。(4)1. While play is important at all levels of human development， _ takes on particular significance when children are five and six years old.A. itB. andC. whichD. because it答案：A分析：缺主语。it 在这里作为形式主语。参考译文：比赛对各个层次人的发展都是重要的，尤其是当小孩5、6岁大的时候，意义重大。2. During the seco
33、nd and third years of life， children gain _ over their bodies.A. control increasingB. increasing to controlC. control is increasingD. increasing control答案：D分析：缺宾语，而且应该是 adj.修饰名词，只能选D.参考译文：在生长的第二第三年，小孩们对自己的身体控制能力增强了。3. All brass instruments use a mouthpiece _ into a long cone-shaped tube.A. is insert
34、edB. that insertedC. that is insertedD. and inserted答案：C分析：that引导一个定语从句，mouthpiece为先行词。A 出现两个谓语动词，错;B，D应该用被动;参考译文：所有的铜管乐器都用一个放在长锥筒形管里的吹嘴。4. By the mid-twentieth century， United States presidential staffs， _ had numbered fewer than ten a century earlier， numbered in the hundreds.A. asB. that theyC. w
35、hichD. and答案：C分析：非限制性定语从句，只有which能引导非限制性定语从句参考译文：到20时间中期，美国的总统部官员达到了几百个，而在一个世纪前，还屈指可数呢。5. In 1966 only 60 percent of all five year olds in the United States attended kindergarten， _ in 1985 almost 82 percent did so.A. withB. whichC. whetherD. while答案：D分析：整个句子中出现了两个谓语，缺连接词。参考译文：在1966年，所有5岁的小孩中只有60%的参
36、加了幼儿园，而到1985，几乎有82%的小孩上幼儿园了。6. _ industries， inventions， and communal endeavors of the Shakers， the best known is their fine furniture.A. Of the manyB. Their manyC. Are the manyD. Many of the答案：A分析：倒装结构。当prep短语位于句首，且谓语动词为系动词时，则引起倒装。参考译文：在基督震荡教徒所参与很多工业、发明创造和社区建设中，最闻名的是他们做的优质家具了。7. Most fishes and man
37、y reptiles have ribs along most of the spine， but in mammals _ only in the chest area.A. they are foundB. finding themC. in which they are foundD. are found答案：A分析：缺主语和谓语。该句不是定语从句。参考译文：大多数鱼类和很多爬行动物沿着大部分脊柱都长有肋骨，但哺乳动物的肋骨只长在胸部位置。8. Although the habitat of the American beech tree is now confined to the e
38、astern United States and southeastern Canada， _ extended as far west as California.A. where it onceB. onceC. it onceD. and once答案：C分析：缺主语。A，D中的where， and 多余。参考译文：尽管美国山毛榉树的生长地现在只限制在美东和加拿大东南部的狭窄地带，它曾经都延伸向西生长远到加州的地方。9. Most of North America receives _ some form of continuous plant cover except in the a
39、rid and semiarid Southwest.A. moisture to sustain sufficientB. sufficient moisture to sustainC. to sustain sufficient moistureD. sufficient to sustain moisture答案：B分析：缺宾语。其中形容词修饰名词，不定式表“目的”。A，C，D语序混乱。参考译文：除了干旱和半干旱的西南地区，大部分北美地区通过吸收充足的潮湿而保持一些连续植被的形式。(5)1. All the major cities of the United States， _ th
40、e cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico， began as centers of trade.A. and to includeB. which includingC. includedD. including答案：D分析：两个逗号之间是插入语，这里分词作状语，不能用谓语动词。参考译文：包括大湖区和墨西哥峡谷的美国所有主要城市都是以贸易中心的模式发展起来的。2. Settled by English Puritans in 1630， Boston became _ .A. the capital of the Massachuse
41、tts Bay ColonyB. the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC. it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD. so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony答案：A分析：缺宾语。B语序混乱;C中出现两个谓语动词，错;D中became 仍然没有宾语，so that 多余，错。参考译文：波士顿在1963年被英国清教徒定址，并曾是马萨诸塞州湾殖民地的首都。3. Navigators on ships and aircraft us
42、e a compass to determine _ they are heading.A. the direction in whichB. to where the directionC. that direction of whichD. where the direction答案：A分析：空格前缺宾语，空格后是个完整的句子，只有B能满足。prep+which 作为介词宾语，后面接完整的句子。参考译文：船和飞机的领航员通过指南针来确定他们航行的方向。4. A condenser is a heat exchanger _ steam or vapor loses heat and ret
43、urns to liquid form.A. whatB. in whichC. in whoseD. that答案：B分析：空格前后都是完整的句子，选项中优先选择prep+which.prep+which 作为介词宾语，后面接完整的句子。参考译文：冷凝器是一种热交换器，蒸气或水汽在里面失去热量，变回液体状态。5. Published in 1957， John Cheevers first novel， The Wapshot Chronicle， earned _ the National Book Award.A. that he hadB. himC. was hisD. to him答案：B分析：双宾语结构：sth. Earn sb sth. 类似的还有gain/win参考译文：John Cheever的第一部小说The Wapshot Chronicle于1957年，并为他赢得全国图书奖。6. As seen from the Earth at night， _ planet Jupiter ranks third among the planets and stars in maximum brightness， after Venus and Mars.A. when theB. in which theC. theD. and th
