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1、专业英语姓 名： 专 业：地质工程班 级：学 号：Engineering geological investigation of the hydrogeologicalPapers Category:Science Papers - Geology PapersPapers TAG:Engine Abstract: The hydro-geological survey and research in Engineering has a very important position, this paper describes engineering geological evaluation
2、 of the content of hydro-geological exploration, soil hydraulic properties, groundwater hazards caused by issues such as geotechnical engineering. Keywords: engineering investigation, hydrogeological, geotechnical, hazardous An engineering geological investigation in the evaluation of the content of
3、 hydrogeological In engineering exploration, evaluation of hydrogeological problems should primarily consider the following: 1.1 The evaluation should focus on rock and soil and groundwater on the role and impact of buildings, predict possible geotechnical hazards, proposed control measures. 1.2 Eng
4、ineering Investigation should also be closely based on the type of building foundation needs to identify issues related to hydrogeology, to provide the necessary hydrogeological data selection. 1.3 from an engineering perspective, according to the role of groundwater and the impact of the project pr
5、oposed under different conditions, the evaluation should be focused on geological problems, such as: buried in the ground water level on the basis of the following buildings in the water on the concrete and the corrosion of rebar in concrete. The selection of soft rock, weathered rock, residual soil
6、, expansive soil and other rock and soil bearing layer as a basis for the construction site, should focus on the evaluation of the activities of the rock and soil water potential softening, disintegration, expansion and contraction, etc. effect. In the range of memory compression layer of foundation
7、 in loose saturated fine sand, silt on, should have potential erosion forecast, quicksand, the possibility of piping. When the basis of the lower confined aquifer exists, excavation should pressure water washed away after the pit floor to calculate and evaluate the possibility. excavation pit in the
8、 ground water level the following should be carried out infiltration and water-rich test, and evaluation of the artificial precipitation caused soil settlement, slope instability and thus the possibility of stability of surrounding buildings. 2 soil hydraulic properties Soil hydraulic properties is
9、the interaction between rock and groundwater who displayed a variety of nature. Soil hydraulic properties and physical properties of rock are rock: rock and soil hydraulic properties affects not only the strength and deformation of rock and some nature has a direct impact on the stability of the bui
10、lding. In the past the investigation of physical and mechanical properties of the soil test more emphasis on the geotechnical properties of the water management has been neglected, and therefore the evaluation of the geotechnical engineering geology is not comprehensive enough. geotechnical soil wat
11、er and groundwater management is the nature of the nature of the interaction shown, first of all introduce the following form and occurrence of groundwater on soil hydraulic properties, and then a few of geotechnical important water management research and testing methods of the nature and brief. 2.
12、1 Occurrence in the form of groundwater: groundwater according to their occurrence in the rock can be divided into bound water, capillary water and gravity water three, which combined with water can be divided into strong and weak bound water bound water two. 2.2 The major soil hydraulic properties
13、and test methods: softening refers to the rock mass after immersion in water, characteristics of the mechanical strength decreases, the general said with the softening coefficient, which is to determine the rock resistance to weathering, resistance to flooding capacity indicators. There is easy in t
14、he rock layers to soften rocks, in the role of groundwater will often form soft interlayer. all kinds of causes of viscous upper mudstone, shale, argillaceous sandstone Dengjun widespread softening property. permeable, is water under gravity, ground to allow water through their own performance. loos
15、e rock particles became smaller, more uniform, its permeability will be weaker. hard rock fissures or karst more development, the stronger its permeability. permeable permeability coefficient of generally available, said upper body rock permeability coefficient of struck by pumping tests. disintegra
16、tion, is soaking wet rocks, due to soil particles connections are weakened, damaged, open to soil collapse and disintegration properties. to the water, is fed by gravity from the pore water, soil, fracture properties of the water must flow freely to the degree that water. water level is several impo
17、rtant aquifer hydrogeologic parameters also affect the venue sparse time. water level usually determined by laboratory. expansion and shrinkage, refers to rock After the volume of soil water increases, water loss volume was reduced after the characteristics of the sizing of rock is due to thickening
18、 of the particle surface adsorbed water absorbent, water loss due to thinning. 3 geotechnical hazards caused by groundwater Geotechnical hazards caused by groundwater, mainly due to changes in groundwater level and ground lift effect of the hydrodynamic pressure caused by two reasons. 3.1 Groundwate
19、r level change caused by the geotechnical hazards. Groundwater level changes can be caused by natural factors or human factors, but for whatever reason, when the groundwater level changes up to a certain extent, will cause harm to the geotechnical engineering, groundwater level changes cause harm ca
20、n be divided into three ways: 3.1.1 The water level rise caused by the geotechnical hazards. Phreatic reasons for the increase are varied, the main aquifer affected by factors such as geological structure, lithology general occurrence, hydrological and meteorological factors such as rainfall, temper
21、ature, etc. and human factors such as irrigation, construction and other effects, it is sometimes combined result of several factors. As the water table rise may result in the geotechnical engineering: soil swamping, salinization, soil and groundwater enhanced corrosion of buildings. slopes, river r
22、ock and other rock and soil slippage, landslides and other geological phenomena bad. some of the rock and soil with special structural damage, lower intensity, softening. caused saturated fine sand and silt liquefaction, there quicksand, piping and so on. flooded underground cavern filled with water
23、, basic floating, unstable buildings. 3.1.2 caused by falling water tables, geotechnical hazards. groundwater bit more than the decrease is due to human factors, such as the concentration of a large number of extraction of groundwater. Deposits in the mining and upstream Dam Construction dewatering,
24、 construction of Reservoirs downstream intercept groundwater recharge and so on. Groundwater decline is too large, often induced to crack, ground subsidence, ground collapse and other geological disasters and the depletion of groundwater sources, water quality and other environmental degradation pro
25、blem, on the rock mass, the stability of buildings and the living environment of human beings posing a great threat. 3.1.3 Groundwater frequent movements of the Geotechnical Engineering harm. Groundwater level change can cause uneven expansion of the expansion and contraction produce rock deformatio
26、n, when the ground when the lift frequently. Not only on the expansion and contraction deformation of rocks back and forth, and will lead to expansion and contraction of soils and increasing rate, thus causing the building to crack formation, especially of light damage to the building. Groundwater z
27、one change down the infiltration of groundwater, soil will layer of iron and aluminum components leaching, soil cement will result in loss of loose soil, water void ratio increases, the compression modulus, capacity reduction, the basis of geotechnical engineering options to deal with the trouble of
28、 bringing greater . 3.2 The role of dynamic pressure caused by ground water geotechnical hazards. Groundwater in the natural state, relatively weak effect of hydrodynamic pressure, usually does not cause any harm, but in the human engineering activities in the dynamic equilibrium due to changes in n
29、atural groundwater conditions, the dynamic moving Water pressure, often lead to some serious geotechnical hazards, such as quicksand, piping, etc. FOUNDATION PIT. drift sand, piping, pit formation inrush conditions and control measures in the literature of engineering geology has been more detail no
30、t repeated here. 4 Conclusion In summary, the hydro-geological work in the building bearing layer selection, basic design, engineering and other aspects of geological disaster prevention plays an important role, along with the development of engineering investigations, the attention will be more wid
31、ely and effectively do good hydrogeological investigation will raise the level of work plays a great role. 工程地质勘察中水文地质研究论文类别：理学论文 - 地质学论文摘要：水文地质研究在工程勘察中有着十分重要的地位，本文主要阐述工程地质勘查中水文地质评价内容，岩土水理性质，地下水引起的岩土工程危害等问题。 关键词：工程勘察；水文地质；岩土；危害 1 工程地质勘察中水文地质评价内容 在工程勘察中，对水文地质问题的评价，主要应考虑以下内容： 1.1 应重点评价地下水对岩土体和建筑物的作用和影
32、响，预测可能产生的岩土工程危害，提出防治措施。 1.2 工程勘察中还应密切结合建筑物地基基础类型的需要，查明有关水文地质问题，提供选型所需的水文地质资料。 1.3 应从工程角度，按地下水对工程的作用与影响，提出不同条件下应当着重评价的地质问题，如：对埋藏在地下水位以下的建筑物基础中水对砼及砼内钢筋的腐蚀性。对选用软质岩石、强风化岩、残积土、膨胀土等岩土体作为基础持力层的建筑场地，应着重评价地下水活动对上述岩土体可能产生的软化、崩解、胀缩等作用。在地基基础压缩层范围内存在松散、饱和的粉细砂、粉上时，应预测产生潜蚀、流砂、管涌的可能性。当基础下部存在承压含水层，应对基坑开挖后承压水冲毁基坑底板的可
33、能性进行计算和评价。在地下水位以下开挖基坑，应进行渗透和富水试验，并评价由于人工降水引起土体沉降、边坡失稳进而影响周围建筑物稳定的可能性。 2 岩土水理性质 岩土水理性质是指岩士与地下水相互作用时显示出来的各种性质。岩土水理性质与岩土的物理性质都是岩：岩土的水理性质不仅影响岩土的强度和变形，而且有些性质还直接影响到建筑物的稳定性。以往在勘察中对岩土的物理力学性质的测试比较重视，对岩土的水理性质却有所忽视，因而对岩土工程地质的评价是不够全面的。岩土的水理性质是岩土与地下水相互作用显示出来的性质，下面首先介绍一下地下水的赋存形式及对岩土水理性质的影响，然后再对岩土的几个重要的水理性质及研究测试方法
34、进行简单的介绍。 2.1 地下水的赋存形式：地下水按其在岩土中的赋存形式可分为结合水、毛细管水和重力水三种，其中结合水又可分为强结合水和弱结合水两种。 2.2 岩土的主要的水理性质及测试办法：软化性，是指岩土体浸水后，力学强度降低的特性，一般用软化系数表示，它是判断岩石耐风化、耐水浸能力的指标。在岩石层中存在易软化岩层时，在地下水的作用下往往会形成软弱夹层。各类成因的粘性上层、泥岩、页岩、泥质砂岩等均普遍存在软化特性。透水性，是指水在重力作用下，岩土容许水透过自身的性能。松散岩上的颗粒愈细、愈不均匀，其透水性便愈弱。坚硬岩石的裂隙或岩溶愈发育，其透水性就愈强。透水性一般可用渗透系数表示，岩上体
35、的渗透系数可通过抽水试验求取。 崩解性，是指岩浸水湿化后，由于土粒连接被削弱，破坏，使土体崩敞、解体的特性。给水性，是指在重力作用下饱水岩土能从孔隙、裂隙中自由流出一定水的性能，以给水度表示。给水度是含水层的几个重要水文地质参数，也影响场地疏时间。给水度一般采用实验室方法测定。胀缩性，是指岩土吸水后体积增大，失水后体积减小的特性，岩土的涨缩性是由于颗粒表面结合水膜吸水变厚，失水变薄造成的。 3 地下水引起的岩土工程危害 地下水引起的岩土工程危害，主要是由于地下水位升降变化和地下水动水压力作用两个方面的原因造成的。 31 地下水升降变化引起的岩土工程危害。地下水位变化可由天然因素或人为因素引起，
36、但不管什么原因，当地下水位的变化达到一定程度时，都会对岩土工程造成危害，地下水位变化引起危害又可分为三种方式： 3.1.1 水位上升引起的岩土工程危害。潜水位上升的原因是多种多样的，其主要受地质因素如含水层结构、总体岩性产状；水文气象因素如降雨量、气温等及人为因素如灌溉、施工等的影响，有时往往是几种因素的综合结果。由于潜水面上升对岩土工程可能造成：土壤沼泽化、盐渍化，岩土及地下水对建筑物腐蚀性增强。斜坡、河岸等岩土体岩产生滑移、崩塌等不良地质现象。一些具特殊性的岩土体结构破坏、强度降低、软化。引起粉细砂及粉土饱和液化、出现流砂，管涌等现象。地下洞室充水淹没，基础上浮，建筑物失稳。 3.1.2
37、地下水位下降引起的岩土工程危害。地下水位的降低多是由于人为因素造成的，如集中大量抽取地下水采矿活动中的矿床疏干以及上游筑坝，修建水库截夺下游地下水的补给等。地下水的过大下降，常常诱发地裂、地面沉降、地面塌陷等地质灾害以及地下水源枯竭、水质恶化等环境问题，对岩土体、建筑物的稳定性和人类自身的居住环境造成很大威胁。 3.1.3 地下水频繁升降对岩土工程造成的危害。地下水的升降变化能引起膨胀性岩土产生不均匀的胀缩变形，当地下水升降频繁时不仅使岩上的膨胀收缩变形往复，而且会导致岩土的膨胀收缩幅度不断加大，进而形成地裂引起建筑物特别是轻型建筑物的破坏。地下水升降变动带内由于地下水的渗透，会将土层中的铁、
38、铝成分淋失，土层失去胶结物将造成土质变松、含水量孔隙比增大，压缩模量、承载力降低，给岩土工程基础选择、处理带来较大的麻烦。 32 地下水动压力作用引起岩土工程危害。地下水在天然状态下动水压力作用比较微弱，一般不会造成什么危害，但在人为工程活动中由于改变地下水天然动力平衡条件，在移动的动水压力作用下，往往会引起一些严重的岩土工程危害，如流砂、管涌、基坑突涌等。流砂、管涌、基坑突涌的形成条件和防治措施在有关的工程地质文献已有较详细的论述，这里不再重复。 4 结束语 综上所述，水文地质工作在建筑物持力层选择、基础设计、工程地质灾害防治等方面都起着重要的作用，随着工程勘察的发展，将受到越来越广泛的重视，切实做好水文地质工作将对勘察水平的提高起着极大的推动作用。
