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1、中国食用菌产业发展趋势,张维瑞,Development Trend of Chinas Edible Fungi Industry,亚太地区食用菌培训中心,一,食用菌产业的地位与意义 Position and Signification of Edible Fungi Industry,中国食用菌产业的发展趋势Development Trend of Chinas Edible Fungi Industry,四,三,二,一、中国食用菌的种类I.Species of Chinas Edible Fungi,真菌有25万种，现已认知的蕈菌种类数量:14,000种The species of fun
2、gi are 250 thousand,and recognized ones are 14 thousand.最早的食用菌化石有3亿年的历史The fossil of the oldest edible fungi show it was 300 million years ago.史前人类将采集的野生菌作为食物Prehistoric human collected wild edible fungi as food.,采集虫草Collecting plantworm-entomophyte(Cordyceps sinensis),估计中国大约有15002000种食用菌品种，现已知981种食
3、用菌。到2008年，98种已被人工驯化。It is estimated that China has about 1500-2000 species of edible fungi,among of which 981 species have been recognized.Up to 2008,98 species were domesticated.98种中的60种已商业化栽培，工厂化栽培的有：杏鲍菇、真姬菇、蘑菇、金针菇、草菇、秀珍菇、毛木耳等Sixty of the 98 species were industrialized in cultivation,such as Pleur
4、otus eryngii,Hypsizygus marmoreus,Agricus bisporus,Flammulina velutiper,Volvariella volvacea,Pleurotus geesteranus,Auricularia polytricha.福建省栽培的有20多种：香菇、草菇、蘑菇、耳类、金针菇、姬松茸、大球盖菇、猴头菇、滑菇、灰树花、金福菇、茶薪菇、真姬菇、杏鲍菇、白灵菇、阿魏蘑、榆黄蘑、凤尾菇等In Fujian,cultivated species are 20:Lentinus edodes(香菇)、Volvariella volvacea（草菇）、A
5、gricus bisporus（蘑菇）、Auricularia（耳类）、Flammulina velutiper（金针菇）、Agaricus Blazei（姬松茸）、Stropharia rugoso（大球盖菇）、Hericium erinaceus（猴头菇）、Pholiota nameko（滑菇）、Griflola frondosa（灰树花）、Tricholoma Lobynsis（金福菇）、Agrocybe aegerita（茶薪菇）、Hypsizygus marmoreus（真姬菇）、Pleurotus eryngii（杏鲍菇）、Pleurotus nebrodensis（白灵菇）、Pl
6、euratus ferulae（阿魏蘑）、Pleurotus citrinipileatus（榆黄蘑）、Pleurotus sajor-caju（凤尾菇）,中国已知的食用菌品种、已驯化的品种和商业化栽培的品种数量（19502008）Quantity of Cultivation Species in China,二、食用菌的生产与消费II.Production and Consumption of Edible Fungi,（一）世界食用菌生产 1.Production of Edible Mushroom in World,20世纪,30年代1930s,生产国家10余个Ten more co
7、untries to yield总产量5.5万t（主要是双孢蘑菇）Total yield 55 thousand tons(mostly Agaricus bisporus),70年代1970s,前：主产地是欧洲及北美Before:main origin place was Europe and North America,后：主产地由欧美变为亚洲After:main origin place was Asia changed from Erope and North America,目前在国际上食用菌的生产分布极广，多数的国家均有生产，但品种与产量差异极大。在西方国家，双孢蘑菇占主导地位。美
8、国、欧盟等国产量较大。在亚洲地区生产各种食用菌，主要是中国、日本和韩国。在亚洲地区受欢迎的食用菌品种（如香菇、金针菇等）正在进入欧美市场。Recently,production of edible fungi was done all around world.Many countries produced edible fungi;however species are different from each other,so are yielding.In western countries,Agaricus bisporus plays major role.Europe and USA
9、 have large yield.Asian countries produce various edible fungi,mainly China,Japan and Southern Korea.The species(such as Lentinus edodes and Flammilina velutipes)mostly popular in Asia are appearing in European Market and USA Market.,世界食用菌的生产World Production of Edible Fungi,我国食用菌产量近9年平均每年增产126万t增长率达
10、到19%In past 9 year,Chinas yield of edible fungi kept yearly increase that is 1.26 million tons every year of 19%increase rate.,（二）中国食用菌的生产2.Production of Edible Fungi,2008年,year,yield,6.637 m.t.,10.367 m.t.,14.74 m.t.,18 m.t.,菌类 国际产区 中国主产区 福建产区香菇 中国、日本、南韩、台湾 福建、浙江、河南、江西 闽东、闽西蘑菇 美国、中国、西欧、其它 福建、浙江、山东等
11、 闽东、闽南草菇 中国、越南、印尼 广东、福建、湖南、江西 龙海银耳 中国 福建、四川 古田、屏南姬松茸 中国、日本、巴西 福建、广东、浙江 闽东、闽南侧耳 中国、日本 山东、河南、东北 不成规模 杏鲍菇 日本、中国 福建、广东、山东 分布较广茶薪菇 中国 江西、福建 分布较广金针菇 中国、日本 广东、福建 闽南滑菇 日本、中国 辽宁、吉林 屏南猴头菇 中国 福建、浙江 闽东,主要食用菌主产地 major cultivation areas,（三）食用菌的消费3.Consumption of Edible Fungi,食用菌的消费分二大部分：一是亚洲各国，即东洋系民族，黄种人，包括所有华人、日
12、本人和朝鲜人。所有食用菌都食，主要食用有色菇类如：香菇、草菇、毛木耳、银耳、金针菇、侧耳类等 二是欧美各国，即白人。主要食用白色菇如蘑菇，而认为有色菇不卫生，而极少食用。但近年来，有少量食用有色菇类Two parts of Consumptions of Edible FungiOne is Asian Countries,especially east Asian(Mongolian race),including Chinese,Japanese and Korean.They eat all species of edible fungi,mainly colored species,s
13、uch as Lentinus edodes,Volvariella volvacea,Auricularia Polytricha,Flammilina velutipes,Pleurotus.The other is European and American,mainly Caucasian race.They mostly eat white mushroom,such as Agaricus bisporus,and think that colored edible fungi are not hygienic,so they seldom eat them.However,in
14、recent years,they eat a little of the colored ones.,三、食用菌产业的地位与意义 III.Position and Signification of Edible Fungi Industry,中国食用菌产业在“三农”发展过程发挥了一定的作用，受到领导高度重视。Chinas Edible Fungi Industry plays a certain role in the development of farmer,agriculture and rural area,and is attached great importance to by
15、 governments.,食用菌产业在农业发展中的地位与作用The Role of Edible Fungi Industry in the Development of Agriculture,食用菌产业 Edible Fungi Industry,大家都知道人类现在、将来继续会面临的三个危机：食物的短缺、疾病的预防、环境的污染。在这些方面食用菌都可以作出它应有的贡献。As you know,at present and in future,human will confront three crises:the shortage of food,prevention of disease
16、 and pollution of environment.Edible fungi industry can make its contribution to solving the crises.,Good to health,Export,Improved food structure,Adjust Agricultural Structure,Fully Recycle of Agricultural Waste,Propel industrialization,Increase income of farmer,三、食用菌产业的地位与意义,秸秆乱堆及焚烧破坏环境Piling or b
17、urning straw and stalk spoil environment,畜禽粪便乱堆破坏环境Domestic animals manure heap spoils environment,食用菌栽培有效利用农业废弃物Cultivation of edible fungi can make great use of agricultural waste,食用菌在农业生态链中的作用The role that edible fungi plays in eco-chain,Animal Production Chain,食用菌生产可以利用沙石地、坡地、荒地、盐碱地、林地、房前屋后等各类耕地
18、，还可以修旧利废，利用矿山废弃巷道、废山洞、废弃厂房等栽培。在我国耕地紧张，食物安全形势严峻的国情下，充分利用非耕地生产食用菌，增加食物供给，潜力和意义巨大。Production of edible fungi can be done on sandy or stony land,sloping field,wasteland,alkaline land,woods land,the area around house and the various arable fields.Also,it can be done in the deserted place,such as deserted
19、 lanes in mine area,cave and useless factory houses.Under the circumstance that Chinas arable land is in strained use and that food safety is severe,it is very significant and potential that non-arable land is made full use of to increase food supply.我国每年生产秸秆皮壳、树枝、树皮、木屑、畜禽粪便等农林牧废弃物30亿t左右，如果利用5%，及1.5
20、亿t，可生产至少1000万t干食用菌，相当于1600万t牛肉，按照我国饲养水平，生产1600万t牛肉的生产需要饲料粮1.221.28亿t，需要饲料粮耕地0.1620.171亿hm2。就是说生产1000万t干食用菌，等于增加耕地0.1620.171亿hm2。China has agriculture waste of 30 tons yearly,such as straw,stalk,branch,sawdust and manure.If its 5%is used,namely 150 million tons,it at least produces dry edible fungi o
21、f 10 million tons,equal to beef of 16 million tons.By Chinas breeding technology,producing the beef needs forage of 122 128 million tons.The forage production needs arable field of 16.2-17.1 million square hectares.Thats say,producing dry edible fungi of10 million tons saves 16.2-17.1 million square
22、 hectares.,当前我国发展食用菌生产有着显著的经济效益，生产各种食用菌的投入产出比均在1比1以上。Recently,Chinas edible fungi boasts great economic benefit.The ROI(return on investment)is 1 to 1,or higher.,主要栽培食用菌生产的经济效益比较（单位：万元/亩）Compared economic benefit of main cultivated edible fungus production(ten thousand yuan/mu,15mu=1 ha.),国内曾做过一份调查显
23、示，食用菌每亩净产值约2.85万元，是大棚西红柿亩净产值7500元的3.8倍，是棉花亩净产值970元的29.4倍，是玉米纯收益530元的53.8倍，是优质小麦425元的67.1倍。An investigation in China indicates that edible fungi has net output value of 28.5 thousand yuan in one mu(mu is Chinese area unit,1 hectare is 15 mu).The output value is 3.8 times of green house tomato of 7500
24、 yuan in same area;it is 29.4 times of cotton of 970 yuan;it is 53.8 times of maize of 530 yuan;it is 67.1 times of wheat of 425 yuan.,食用菌28500元 Edible fungi 28500yuan,大棚西红柿7500元Green House Tomato 7500yuan,Wheat 425yuan,食用菌与粮食及蔬菜每亩净产值对比Contrast among edible fungi,crop and vegetable,Cotton 970yuan,食用
25、菌的生产，需用一定数量的劳力，解决了职工和职工家属的就业问题。减轻了因劳力过剩而产生的对社会的压力。同时，不需要大量修建厂房、增加器材、设备。生产资料的成本低廉，占用资金少，减少了对社会的经济压力。另外，食用菌生产是一个生物过程，不会产生废水、废气等，引起社会公害。Production of edible fungi requires a quantity of labors,increasing job and employment.Thus surplus labors are employed to reduce unemployment.Meanwhile,the production
26、 does not need a lot of workshop,machine and facility.The production goods are cheap,so that it requires less money.Additionally,the production is a biological process that produces no waste water and gas.,以生产规模为200万平方米的双孢蘑菇为例，则预计每年可转化秸杆和畜禽粪便一亿多公斤，以每平方米生产10公斤双孢菇计算，可创4000万元的经济价值；同时，该产业还可以解决10000农民的就业
27、问题。而且，菌糠、菌渣等首先进行沼池发酵，沼气可用于照明、生活等能源，沼液、沼渣不仅可以作为绿色杀虫剂、有机肥料和饲料来发展绿色无公害植物和动物食品，同时还可以提高土壤肥力、改良土壤结构、减少大量施用化肥和喷洒农药所造成的环境污染，不仅社会效益巨大，而且仅肥料一项就可节省复合肥1500余吨，使每公斤秸杆增值10倍以上。Take example of Agaricus bisporus production on 200 square meters.The production can recycle straw and manure of 100 million kg yearly.Ten k
28、g of mushroom is produced in one square meter,so the production can make a profit of 40 millions yuan.At the same time,the production of mushroom can employ 10 thousand farmers.The waste of cultivating mushroom can be used to make biogas.Biogas can be used widely.The biogas liquid and waste is green
29、 pesticide,organic fertilizer and forage,which can used to production no-pollution food and can improve soil quality to reduce pollution caused by chemical fertilizer and pesticide.It is has great social benefit.For example,as fertilizer,it can save compound fertilizer of 1500 tons,giving10 more tim
30、es appreciation to stalk value of per kilogram.,劳动力利用超过200万The industry employs 2 million more labors,食用菌引领健康Edible fungi is good to health,联合国粮农组织倡导最科学的饮食营养搭配The most scientific combo of nutrition recommended by FAO,食用菌具有高蛋白、低脂肪，含人体所需多种氨基酸和微量元素，被誉为21世纪的保健食品。具有调节机体免疫水平、抗癌效果显著、对心血管系统具有保护作用、治疗肝炎、抗炎作用显
31、著、缓解亚健康状态、提高健康水平等功效。Acclaimed as health-care food of 21 century,edible fungi contain much protein,less fat and various amino acid and micro-element that is necessary to human body.Edible fungi boast functions:to improve immunity;to have remarkable effect on anti-cancer,curing hepatitis and anti-infl
32、ammation;to protect cardiovascular system;to relieve sub-health;improve health.,meat,vegetable,Edible fungi,绿茶（含茶多分，抗癌，增加血管柔韧性、坚固牙齿等）红葡萄酒（红葡萄皮上有逆转醇，对抗自由基，延缓衰些老，防止心脏骤停，降血压降血脂，每天不超过100ml）豆浆、酸奶（非牛奶，菌群平衡）、骨头汤（延年益寿）蘑菇汤（提高免疫力）Green tea(containing tea polyphenols,anti-cancer,increasing flexibility of vesse
33、ls,strengthen teeth)Red wine(Peel of red grape contains resveratrol that can resist free radicals,delay aging,prevent cardiac arrest,reduce blood pressure and blood fat,but less than 100 ml every day)Soy milk and yoghurt(non-milk,balanced intestinal flora)Bone soup(conduce to longevity)Mushroom soup
34、(improve immunity),世界卫生组织公布的六大健康饮料之一:Six healthy drinks issued by WHO,四、中国食用菌产业的发展趋势VI.Development Trend of Chinas Edible Fungi Industry,粮Grain,菌Fungus,油Oil,棉Cotton,果Fruit,菜Vegetable,1,生产由千家万户栽培向工厂化栽培发展Production changes from individual cultivation to industrialized cultivation,二,2,栽培品种开发向多菌类稳步发展Spe
35、cies are diversified and develops at stable pace,3,栽培模式向多元化并日趋规范化发展Cultivation patterns diversify and trend to be regulated,二,5,产品的初深加工向多元化发展Process of products trends to diversify.,4,食用菌原料利用向综合化发展Raw material of cultivation appears various and comprehensive,随着科学技术的发展，人们生活水平的提高，对食用菌消费量越来越大，伴随着对食用菌产品
36、质量要求越来越高。以及我国劳动力成本的不断提高，促进了食用菌栽培上从由千家万户栽培向工厂化栽培发展。特别是近年来，工厂化栽培食用菌发展较快，目前全国已发展到300多家，遍布全国各省区。我省作为食用菌人工栽培的发源地，工厂化栽培也得到较快的发展，目前也达到了130多家。Due to development of technology and to improved living conditions,people have more and more demand on consumption of edible fungi and require higher quality of edibl
37、e fungi.Rising cost of labor urges edible fungi cultivation to change from individual cultivation to industrialized cultivation.In recent years,industrialized cultivation develops at fast pace.There are more than 300 companies of industrialized cultivation around China.Fujian Province,as the origin
38、of industrialized cultivation,has developed rapidly,boasting 130 more companies.,3,6,1,1,2,3,36,5,1,8,1,135,8,12,2,4,1,2,2,4,3,13,8,4,4,2,12,3,5,1,2,1,4,4,5,3,全国食用菌工厂化周年栽培厂家各省分布数量简图（金针菇、杏鲍菇为主，白灵菇，海鲜菇等为辅）,4,2,2,表示该省有2家袋栽，5家瓶栽企业（含台资企业）,5,图例,表示该省有2家袋栽，5家瓶栽企业（含台资企业）,2,The industrialized cultivation in a
39、ll provinces of China.Main species are Flammilina velutipes and Pleurotus Eryngii,in addition to Pleurotus Ferulae and Hypsizygus marmoreus,Fujian Province:Industrialization of edible fungi Cultivation started early,located in all cities of Fujian Province.,Bag-cultivation,Bottle-cultivation,双孢蘑菇 Ag
40、aricus Bisporus,香菇Lentinus edodes,平菇Pleurotus ostreatus,草菇Volvariella volvacea(straw mushroom),金针菇Flammilina velutipes,滑子蘑Pholiota nameko,传统品种继续保持优势 Traditional species keep their vantage,传统品种继续保持优势 Traditional species keep their vantages,黑木耳Auricularia auricula,灵芝Ganoderma lucidum,毛木耳Auricularia Po
41、lytricha,银耳Tremella fuciformis(jerry mushroom),大球盖菇Stropharia rugosoannulata(Giant balltop mushroom),白灵菇Pleurotus Ferulae(Bailing Mushroom),茶树菇Agrocybe aegerita,杏鲍菇Pleurotus Eryngii(Almond Abalone Mushroom),姬松茸Agaricus blazei,灰树花Grifola frondosa(maitake),珍稀品种稳步推广 Precious species are promoted at ste
42、ady pace,珍稀品种稳步推广 Precious species are promoted at steady pace,真姬菇 Hypsizygus marmoreus,阿魏蘑Pleurotus Ferulae(Ferule Mushroom),大杯蕈Clitocybe Maxima(Giant Clitocybe),竹荪Dictyophora,珍稀品种稳步推广Precious species are promoted at steady pace,秀珍菇Pleurotus ostreatus,金福菇Pleurotus Cornucopiae(Jigu Mushroom),鸡腿菇 Cop
43、rinus comatus,猴头菇Hericium erinaceus,离褶伞 Lyophyllum,绣球菌 Sparassis crispa,榆黄蘑 Pleurotus citrinopileatus,新品种不断选育 New species are bred constantly,羊肚菌 Morchella,3,栽培模式向多元化并日趋规范化发展 Cultivation patterns diversify and trend to be regulated,大球盖菇Stropharia rugosoannulata(Giant balltop mushroom),姬松茸Agaricus bl
44、azei,蘑菇Agaricus Bisporus,香菇Lentinus edodes,黑木耳Auricularia auricula,灵芝Ganoderma lucidum,根据培养基质要求差异，可以分为木腐菌和草腐菌According to cultivation medium,it can be classified wood-inhabiting fungi and grass-inhabiting fungi,木腐菌wood-inhabiting fungi,草腐菌grass-inhabiting fungi,露地全光栽培 open-field Cultivation,露地遮光栽培 s
45、hade-field cultivation,大棚栽培 shed cultivation,林下栽培Tree-shade Cultivation,仿野生栽培Wild-imitatedCultivation,与其它作物间作栽培Intercropped cultivation,根据栽培条件可以分为According to cultivation conditions,it is classified,生料 Raw substrate,孰料Sterilized Substrate,发酵料Fermented substrate,半熟料Semi-sterilizedSubstrate,按照培养料的处理方式
46、，可以分为According to substrate,it is classified,按照培养容器的不同可以分为According to cultivation containers,it is classified,袋栽Plastic bag cultivation,床栽 bed cultivation,瓶栽 Bottle cultivation,长袋栽培 long-bag Cultivation,短袋栽培 short-bag Cultivation,按照出菇模式不同可以分为According to fruiting mode,it is classified,畦式栽培,架式栽培the
47、rack system cultivation,shelf system,覆土栽培Casing Cultivation,Ridge Cultivation,一家一户的小规模栽培Household CultivationSmall scale,半工厂化中等规模栽培Semi-industrialized CultivationMiddle-scale,工厂化大规模栽培Industrialized Cutlivation,按照生产单元和生产规模，可以分为According to production unit and scale,it is classified,Large scale,手工操作 m
48、anual operation,小型机械化生产Small-size machine production,中型机械化生产Middle-size machine production,大型机械化生产Big-size machineproduction,按照机械化程度可以分为According to mechanical degree,it is classified,农户自管Individual Farmers Management,合作社组织管理 Cooperative Organization Management,公司组织管理Corporation Management,按照管理组织形式可
49、以分为According to organization of management,it is classified,4,食用菌原料利用向综合化发展Raw material of cultivation appears various and comprehensive,随着食用菌栽培技术的不断提高，食用菌栽培原料从以利用阔叶树、稻草为主向综合利用各种农林作物的下脚料发展，做到变到为宝，实现产业的生态、经济和社会效益同步发展。Owing to improving cultivation technology of edible fungi,the substrate of cultivati
50、on diversified:broadleaf trees and straw in past;various agricultural wastes at present.The waste are recycled to realize ecological,economic and social benefit at same time.,椴木栽培香菇,椴木栽培黑木耳Cultivate Auricularia auricula on Linden,Cultivate Lentinus edodes on Linden(basswood),枝 桠 材Branch and twig,落叶果
