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1、NF F 31-112French StandardDecember 1994Classification Number: F 31-112Railway rolling stock Anti-graffiti protectionTest procedures and methods for evaluating the behaviour of the materials and graffiti removal products.F: Matriel roulant ferroviaire Protection vis-vis des graffiti Procdures dessais
2、 et mthodes dvaluation du comportement des matriaux et des produits dliminationE : Railway rolling stock Protection in relation to graffiti Tests proceduresand methods of valuation, behaviour of materials and products of expulsion D: Schienenfahrzeuge Graffitischutz Prfungsverfahren und Bewertungsme
3、thode des Werkstoffverhaltens und der BeseitigungsverbindungenFrench Standard approved by a decision of the General Director of afnor on 20 November 1994 to become effective as of 20 December 1994.correspondence On the date of publication of this document, no draft standards or European or Internati
4、onal standards are known to exist on the same subject.analysisThis document describes the testing procedures and methods for evaluating the behaviour of the materials and products for removing graffit.descriptorsTechnical International Thesaurus: railway equipment, railway rolling stock, protection,
5、 stain, paint, ink, test, protective product, cleaning, effectiveness, colorimetry, colorimetric deviationmodificationscorrectionsPublished and distributed by the French Standardization Association (afnor), tour europe cedex 7 92049 paris la dfense tel. : (1) 42 91 55 55Prepared by the BNCF (Railway
6、s Standardization Bureau) 15 rue Traversire 75571 Paris Cedex 12 tl. : (1) 40 19 15 03ContentsPageForeword31 Field of application 32 Normative References 33 General principle 34 Preparation of test specimens 45 Graffito application 46 Graffito elimination procedure 57 Aggressivity test 58 Effectiven
7、ess test 69 Evaluation of aggressivity and effectiveness 810 “G” grading of the material8Appendix A (normative) Type test specimen9Appendix B ( informative) Presentation of colorimetric deviations10ForewordThis document has been prepared by an ad hoc working group of the “Comfort” standardization co
8、mmission CN CF 103 .1Field of applicationThis document describes with regard to railway rolling stock: the test procedures; the laboratory methods for evaluating the results,in order to grade impermeable materials in new condition and graffiti removal products.It does not concern textiles or throwaw
9、ay products.These materials and products may be the subject of particular standards.2Normative ReferencesThis document contains the provisions of other publications in dated or undated references. These normative references are given at appropriate points of the text and in the publications listed b
10、elow. With regard to dated references, any amendments or revisions to a publication will only apply to this document if incorporated into it by amendment or revision. With regard to undated references, the latest edition of the publication to which it refers shall apply.NF T 30-053 Paints Determinin
11、g resistance to liquids.NF X 08-012 Colours Colorimetric characteristics of coloured samples Measuring devices and methods.NF X 08-014 Colours Colorimetric deviations and tolerances Formulae for colour differences between CI LUV and CIE LAB.3General principleThe evaluation procedures must include th
12、e following criteria: material or coating; graffiti application product; graffiti removal product.The behaviour of materials is evaluated on the basis of the graffiti and removal products defined by the client railway company.The results of the graffiti removal are evaluated after several “graffiti
13、application removal” cycles on the basis of the following criteria: aggressivity (visual aspect); effectiveness (colorimetry); safety labels on removal products (according to the laws in force).4Preparation of test specimens4.1Shapes and dimensions of test specimensThe test specimens will be made ei
14、ther of the material itself in its as delivered condition, or a coating applied to a flat, rigid substrate in accordance with the corresponding technical data sheets.Their dimensions wil be (300 mm 1 mm x 210 mm 1mm). The thicknesses may vary from one test specimen to the other.4.2Test specimen prep
15、arationAfter removing any stripping agents, the test specimens will cleaned using paper towels soaked in ethanol.4.2.1Test specimen for aggressivity testThe test specimen may be divided into zones at least 100 mm x 210 mm in size.4.2.2Type test specimen for effectiveness testAfter drying the specime
16、n, it will be divided into rectangles using adhesive tape, as shown in Appendix A. Each rectangle thus formed will contain a single graffito. An untreated zone will be kept on each test specimen to serve as a reference zone.4.3Test specimen storageThe test specimens will be stored for at least 24 ho
17、urs under the following conditions: temperature between 18C and 25C; relative humidity 75%.5Graffito application5.1Graffito dimensionsThe “graffito” must fill a rectangular area approximately 50 x 30 mm.5.2Equipment usedIn the case of a “graffito” using ink, the ink pad of the marker, or a flat (dry
18、) paintbrush around 25 mm wide shall be used.In the case of a “graffito” using paint, the paint will be applied, after masking the area if necessary, using a spray gun or a flat (dry) paintbrush around 25 mm wide.5.3 Application of the graffiti productApply the graffiti product in parallel strokes i
19、n the same direction until the required dimension is achieved; repeat in the other direction to obtain an even “graffito” with no excess ink. This graffito will required a quantity of 0.75 ml 0.05 ml.It is applied to the test specimen horizontally under the following conditions: temperature between
20、18C and 25C; relative humidity 75%.6Graffito elimination procedureThe graffiti removal product will be applied using a flat 25 mm wide paintbrush.Apply the removal product in overlapping strokes in alternate directions, then make it penetrate well by brushing the surface of the graffito with a circu
21、lation motion for 15 secs.Allow to take effect for 2 min 10 secs.Take a paper towel soaked in water and wrung out by hand before use, then slide it firmly in a single movement from one edge to the other, over the entire length of the graffito. If necessary, repeat this operation once again to remove
22、 any surface residue.Take a dry paper towel and repeat the same movement to remove all traces of water.After waiting for 5 to 10 minutes since the last operation, repeat the graffito removal procedure once more.After the last removal operation, store the test specimens in a dark, dust-free place unt
23、il the measurements can be taken for the effectiveness test (see article 8).7Aggressivity test7.1Test principleThe purpose of the test is to check the aggressivity of the graffit removal products on the materials.7.2Test methodThe test is performed according to standard NF T 30-053, method 2, with t
24、he following stipulations: the absorbant material is a common filter paper 90 mm in diameter. It is soaked with 1 ml of removal product in its as used condition, and left in contact with the material for 24 hours under a watchglass; the paper filter is then removed and the material rinsed using a pa
25、per towel soaked in water, then dried.7.3 Expression of resultsThe material is examined immediately after drying, and after being stored for 24 hours in a dark, dust-free place, the “material/removal product” pair will be graded: GOOD, if after both examinations no damage to the surface can be seen
26、by the naked eye; SATISFACTORY, if one or more imperfections that appeared immediately after drying have disappeared after 24 hours; POOR, if the imperfection(s) remain after 24 hours.8 Effectiveness test8.1Test principleThe purpose of the test is to determine the colorimetric deviations between a m
27、aterial from which graffiti has been removed and the same material unaffected by graffiti (reference material).8.2Test method8.2.1Test specimensThe test specimens are prepared and treated in accordance with articles 4, 5 and 6 of this document.8.2.2Operating procedureAt least three graffiti applicat
28、ion/removal operations are performed. The colorimetric deviations are measured after each operation in order to assess any increase in effectiveness.It is necessary to have three rectangles for a given removal product and graffiti product (see type test specimen in Appendix A).The procedure is as fo
29、llows: apply a graffito to each rectangle; after 48 hours, remove the three graffiti; wait for 5 minutes, then repeat the removal operation; do not perform any further operations on the first rectangle treated with one graffito application and two removal operations; store the test specimen for at l
30、east 24 hours under the conditions set down in paragraph 4.3; apply a second graffito to the other two rectangles; after 48 hours, remove the two graffiti; wait for 5 minutes, the repeat the removal operation; do not perform any further operations on the second rectangle treated with two graffito ap
31、plications and four removal operations; store the test specimen for at least 24 hours under the conditions set down in paragraph 4.3; apply the third graffito to the last rectangle; after 48 hours, remove the last graffito; after 5 minutes, perform the second removal operation on the last rectangle
32、which corresponds to three graffito applications and six removals.8.3Measurement8.3.1Limit of measurementThe measurement of the colorimetric deviations is not applicable to surfaces containing decorative patterns with no line of symmetry, or when the dimension of the motifs in the pattern are smalle
33、r than the zone necessary for the measurement. In this case, only visual inspection can be used at present.8.3.2EquipmentA spectrocolorimeter or colorimeter according to standard NF X 08-012 can be used.8.3.3Measuring conditionsThe colorimetric measurements must be taken no sooner than 24 hours afte
34、r the last removal operation.The previously calibrated device shows any colorimetric deviations (delta E) between the reference zone and the test zones.The colorimetric deviations are measured according to standard NF X 08/014, with the following stipulations.8.3.3.1Spectrocolorimeter illuminant for
35、 observing the differences is D65; diameter of observation window is 22 mm; three measurements to be taken in each graffiti-affected zone and the average of these measurements to be recorded.8.3.3.2Colorimeter illuminant for observing the differences is D65; diameter of observation window is 8 mm; n
36、ine measurements to be taken in each graffiti-affected zone and the average of these measurements to be recorded.8.4Expression of resultsThe colorimetric deviations (delta E) are expressed according to the CIE 1976 colour space (L*, a*, b*).They can be presented in graph or chart form (see appendix
37、B).The result is “GOOD” when all the average deviations are 1 and 2.5 and the other mean deviations are 2.5.9Evaluation of aggressivity and effectiveness9.1AgressivityThe behaviour of the “material/removal product” pair is said to be “NON AGGRESSIVE” when the result is good or satisfactory.9.2Effect
38、ivenessFor a given material and removal product, this evaluation is made on the basis of the results obtained on samples of graffiti products, at the end of the “graffiti application removal” cycles.The behaviour of the “material/removal product” pair is said to be “EFFECTIVE” when only one result i
39、s found to be “SATISFACTORY” and no results are found to be “POOR”. Otherwise, its behaviour will be deemed “INEFFECTIVE”.10“G” grading of the materialOn the basis of the removal products recognized non aggressive and effective, “G” grading includes the health and safety aspects of the removal produ
40、cts, in accordance with current legislation. Otherwise, the material will be deemed “UNCLEANABLE”.On this basis, the grading system is as follows: G 0: material is CLEANABLE with water or dry; G 1: material is “CLEANABLE using a removal product that is not labelled with the danger symbol; G 2: mater
41、ial is “CLEANABLE” using a removal product that is labelled “Xi” irritant and/or “F” inflammable.G 3: material is “CLEANABLE” using a removal product that is labelled “Xn” harmful and/or “C” corrosive. G 4 : material is “CLEANABLE using a removal product that is labelled “T” toxic; NN: material is “
42、UNCLEANABLE”.This grading of the selection of graffiti products is only valid under the conditions defined by the client railway company.Appendix A(normative)Type test specimen for effectiveness testDimensions in millimetersMaterialGraffiti productRemoval product: P1Removal product: P21st graffiti +
43、 2 removal operations1st graffiti/1 + 2 removal operationsplus2nd graffiti/1 + 2 removal operations1st graffiti/1 + 2 removal operationsplus2nd graffiti/1 + 2 removal operations3rd graffiti/1 + 2 removal operationsReference zoneAdhesive tapeFig. A1Appendix B(for information)Presentation of mean colo
44、rimetric deviationsMaterial designationGraffiti product G Removal product PPresentation in graph form1st graffiti2nd graffiti3rd graffiti2 removal operations4 removal operations6 removal operationsPresentation in chart formGraffiti productGraffitoNumber of removal operationsRemoval productsDelta E (mean)Product1st20.80G2nd41.803rd62.80
