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1、动词不定式 不定式不可作谓语动词，它可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语或状语等。高考对不定式的考查常涉及到不定式的时态、语态、功能、省略、“连词不定式”等。,一、不定式在句子中的成分1.作主语 To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.百闻不如一见。To make money is not the only purpose of our life.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的。,温馨提示不定式短语作主语时，为了使句子结构平衡，常将不定式短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。It is ou
2、r duty to give as much help as possible.提供尽可能多的帮助是我们的义务。,2.作宾语(1)常接不定式不接动名词作宾语的动词有：want想要wish 希望 hope 希望 offer 主动提出 decide 决定 help 帮助 long 盼望 arrange 安排 demand 要求 ask 要求 refuse 拒绝 promise 答应 pretend 假装 expect 期望 dare 敢 afford 承担得起,plan 计划 manage 成功agree 同意 prepare 准备determine 决定Nobody could refuse t
3、o help the child who lost his parents in the earthquake.没有人拒绝帮助那个在地震中失去父母的孩子。He promised to be here at nine.他答应9点钟到这儿。,(2)不定式(短语)作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。He has made it a rule to get up early in the morning.他已养成早起的习惯。,1.(2009湖南高考)Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to m
4、ake it easier for it.A.reusing B.reused C.reuses D.to be reused,解析：根据句意可知，for并不是连接原因，而是make it easier的目的，其中it为形式宾语，动词不定式是真正的宾语。故答案选D。,答案：D,(3)动词不定式在作动词tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，advise，discuss，know等词的宾语时，其前面常带疑问词，即：“疑问词(how，when，where，what，who等)to do”结构。He didnt know how to solve his f
5、inancial troubles.他不知道如何解决他的经济困难。They are discussing when and where to build the factory.他们在讨论将何时在什么地方建那座工厂。,2.(2009四川高考)He told us whethera picnic was still under discussion.A.to have B.having C.have D.had,解析：考查“疑问词/连词不定式”结构。该结构由疑问代词(what，who，whom，which)/疑问副词(when，where，why)/连接词(whether)后面接带to的动词不定
6、式构成，起名词的作用，在句中可以作主语、表语、动词(或介词)的宾语等。本题中该结构作主语。,答案：A,3.作表语 不定式作表语放在be和其他系动词后，用来说明主语的 内容。对wish，dream，plan，duty，what等的内容作 进一步说明时常用不定式作表语。To see is to believe.(Seeing is believing.)眼见为实。My plan is to learn 300 words by the end of the month.我的计划是到这个月末记住300个单词。,4.作定语 不定式作定语必须放在被修饰的词的后面。不定式作定语 时与其修饰的词存在下列关系
7、：(1)与被修饰的词有动宾关系 I have a lot of books to read.我有很多书要读。She is a very nice person to work with.她是一个非常好的合作人。,(2)与被修饰的词有主谓关系 He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个走。(3)与被修饰的词有修饰关系 I am so busy.I have no time to stay with my son.我很忙，没有时间同儿子呆在一起。,温馨提示作定语的不定式和它所修饰的词有动宾关系时，该不定式须是及物
8、的，如果这个不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。He is looking for a room to live in.他在找房间住下。,3.(2009重庆高考)With the world changing fast，we have something newwith all by ourselves every day.A.deal B.dealt C.to deal D.dealing,解析：考查非谓语动词。不定式在这里作后置定语，修饰something，表示要做的事情。其他选项不合题意。,答案：C,5.作宾语补足语 后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的常见动词有：wish，cause，a
9、sk，beg，expect，force，invite，permit，persuade，want，warn，like，order，allow，advise，encourage，request，require，get，remind，teach，send，call on，wait for，would like/love，prefer，arrange for，depend on等。The doctor advised me to give up smoking.医生建议我戒烟。They called on the writer to make a speech.他们要求那位作家作一次演讲。,6.作状语
10、(1)不定式作状语主要是表示目的，可以置于句首或句末，置于句首时通常用逗号隔开。Your friend did all she could to help them.你的朋友已尽她的一切力量帮助他们了。To make a living，she works hard.为了谋生，她努力工作。She decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.她决定更加努力地学习，以赶上别人。,4.(2009全国卷)The children all turnedthe famous actress as she entered the cl
11、assroom.A.looked atB.to look at C.to looking at D.look at,解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：当那个著名的女演员进教室时，孩子们都转身去看她。动词不定式作状语多表示目的。,答案：B,5.(2009北京高考)All of them try to use the power of the workstationinformation in a more effective way.A.presentingB.presented C.being presented D.to present,解析：考查句子结构。句意：他们都努力使用工作站的力量以便用一
12、种更有效的方式提供情报。to present information in a more effective way是不定式短语作目的状语。,答案：D,6.(2009天津高考)the project in time，the staff were working at weekends.A.Completing B.Having completed C.To have completed D.To complete,解析：考查非谓语动词。由后半句句意“全体工作人员周末都在工作”可知，前半句表示“为了及时完成那个项目”，故用动词不定式作目的状语。,答案：D,7.(2009辽宁高考)，you nee
13、d to give all you have and try your best.A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a winner,解析：考查非谓语动词。B项的不定式表示目的，即要想成为赢家，你必须竭尽全力。其他选项不符合语境。,答案：B,8.(2009江苏高考)Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as shortterm teachers，almost three times the
14、number hired last year，reduce unemployment pressures.A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped,解析：考查非谓语动词。从句意可知我国的学校预期要雇用50,000名大学毕业生的目的是缓解就业压力。动词不定式短语to help.在句中充当目的状语。,答案：C,(2)不定式常和only连用，可以作结果状语，但是与分词作状 语不同，不定式所表示的结果往往是出乎意料的或主语不 愿得到的。He hurried to the station only to find the train had le
15、ft.他急 忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经离开了。In the hurricane，a big tree fell onto the road，blocking the way.飓风中一棵大树倒在路上，结果堵住了路。(3)另外“形容词enough不定式”和“too形容词或副词 不定式”也可作结果状语。,温馨提示少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如glad，ready，pleased，willing，anxious，happy，satisfied等用于too.to结构时，不定式表示肯定意义，too前面还可以有only，but等词修饰。,She is(only)too pleased to go hom
16、e.她非常高兴可以回家了。The two men were too anxious to leave.那两个人太急于离开了。(4)作原因状语 We were excited to hear the news.(原因)听到这个消息，我们都很兴奋。,7.作独立成分 英语中常见不定式用作独立成分修饰主句。to tell(you)the truth to be frank(with you)to be honest(with you)to make things worse 更糟的是 to begin/start with 首先 to be sure 无可否认；诚然 to be exact 确切地说
17、To tell the truth，I dont agree with you.说老实话，我不赞成你的意见。,说老实话,二、不定式的时态,三、不定式的语态1.不定式的被动形式 当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受 者时，一般要用不定式的被动语态。(1)不定式的被动语态一般式通常表示将来动作。The car needs to be repaired before we go on a trip to Europe.在我们去欧洲之前，这辆车必须修理一下。The press conference is to be held tomorrow.新闻发布会明天举行。,9.(2009山东高考)
18、We are invited to a partyin our club next Friday.A.to be held B.held C.being held D.holding,解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词短语作定语，修饰party，hold与party之间为被动关系，且依据next Friday可知应选择不定式来表示将来，故答案为A。,答案：A,10.(2009安徽高考)The playnext month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.produced B.being produced C.to be
19、 produced D.having been produced,解析：考查非谓语动词。根据句中时间状语next month，可知这里表示将要发生的动作，所以用不定式，动词produce与主语the play之间构成动宾关系，所以用不定式的被动形式.,答案：C,(2)不定式完成式的被动语态表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作 之前。The room seems to have been tidied up already.这个房子似乎已经整理过了。2.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况常见于以下几种情况：(1)不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时 Have you go
20、t anything to say for yourself before you end your speech？结束演讲之前你还有要说的话吗？,If you want to make even greater progress in your studies，you still have many difficulties to overcome.如果你想在学业上取得更大的进步，那么你还有许多困 难需要克服。(2)构成“be性质形容词不定式”结构时 常见的此类形容词有easy，hard，difficult，interesting，heavy，pleasant，comfortable，saf
21、e，dangerous，impossible等。,The water is not fit to drink，so hold out until we get to a shop.这水不宜喝。坚持住，我们会找到商店的。Thoughts and feelings of all kinds are easy to communicate with the piano.运用钢琴可以很容易地交流各种思想和情感。,(3)不定式与疑问代词连用时 School uniforms are not cool enough，so students almost dont know what to expect.校
22、服真是不够酷。学生们都不知道该期待什么。In society，I really dont know who to compete fairly with.在社会上，我真不知道应该和谁公平竞争。,(4)某些动词的不定式与be连用时 这类动词常用的有：to blame(责备)，to let(出租)等。This house is to let.此房出租。I felt I was to blame for this accident.我感觉这次事故该怪我。,(5)当动词不定式的逻辑主语并非是句子的主语时 此时主动和被动结构都可用，而且在语义上并没有多大 区别。The best thing to do/
23、to be done is to send a telegram to the company.最好是给那家公司发电报。He is the very man to choose/to be chosen for the work.他就是这项工作的最佳人选。,四、与不定式有关的省略1.省略动词不定式符号to的情况(1)动词不定式作feel，hear，see，watch，notice等感官动 词以及have，let，make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语 时，不定式符号to要省略。但如果这类句子变为被动语 态时，就必须带to。We often hear him sing the song.He is
24、often heard to sing the song.,(2)当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需第一个不定式带to，其余不定式可以不带to。但如果强调对比之意时，则不省略。The students are taught to read，write and do many other things.教学生读、写和做许多其他的事情。Its more difficult to do than to say.做要比说难得多。(强调前后对比),(3)不定式作表语，用来解释主语或主语从句中do的确切含 义时，往往可以省略动词不定式符号to。The first thing she did wa
25、s(to)go up to her trainer and thank her for all her help during her training.她所做的第 一件事是走向她的教练，感谢她在训练中所给予的帮助。What he really hoped to do was(to)stay up late.他真正希望做的是熬夜到很晚。,(4)在but，except后可接动词不定式，其规则是：前有实义 动词do，则but，except后跟不带to的不定式，没有实义 动词do，则后可用带to的不定式。They had nothing to do but wait.They had no choi
26、ce but to wait.他们别无选择只有等。,2.不定式to后的内容省略 有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种 情况常出现在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try之后；或出现在be glad/happy，would like/love等后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be，have，have been，则这些词要保留。I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.我没有去过香港，但我希望我能去。Susan is not what she used to be.苏珊不再像她以
27、前那个样子了。,动 名 词一、动名词的句法功能1.作主语 动词的ing形式作主语往往表示一种概念，习惯或经验。有时用it作形式主语，把ing短语置于句尾，这种用法在 习惯句型中常用。Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真有趣。Its no use complaining about the bad conditions.抱怨条件差是没有用的。Its fun being taken to the zoo.被带去逛动物园很有意思。,2.作宾语(1)只能用动名词作宾语的动词 admit(承认)，advise(建议)，allow(允许)，dislike(不喜欢，讨厌)
28、，appreciate(感激，欣赏)，avoid(避免)，enjoy(享受，喜爱)，bear(忍受)，cant help(禁不住)，delay(延迟)，escape(逃避)，cant stand(受不了)，deny(否认)，excuse(原 谅)，consider(考虑)，fancy(幻想，爱好)，mind(介意)，finish(完成)，resist(抵抗，阻止)，forgive(原谅)，permit(允 许)，imagine(设想)，postpone(延迟，延期)，risk(冒险)，involve(包含)，practise(实行，实践)，suggest(建议)，keep(保持)，quit(放
29、弃，停止)，miss(错过)。,Can you imagine her becoming a pilot？你能想象她成了飞行员吗？Theres no way to escape doing the work.没办法逃脱这项工作。,11.(2009上海高考)Bill suggested a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A.having held B.to hold C.holding D.hold,解析：句意：比尔建议在假期中召开一个有关上海世博会事宜的会议。suggest doing sth.建
30、议做某事。,答案：C,12.(2008上海春招)As a new driver，I have to prac tisethe car in my small garage again and again.A.parking B.to park C.parked D.park,解析：句意：作为新司机，我不得不在我的小车库里一遍又一遍地练习停车。practise vt.“实践，练习”，其后必须接动名词，不能用不定式作宾语。,答案：A,(2)常见的带to的后接动名词的短语be/get used to，stick to，object to，lead to，devote.to，be sentenced
31、to，pay attention to，come to，look forward to，get down to，be accustomed toHowever，others strongly object to developing private cars.然而，另有一些人强烈反对发展私家车。Im looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.盼尽快回复。,13.(2008江苏高考)They are quiet，arent they？Yes.They are accustomedat meals.A.to talkB.to no
32、t talk C.to talking D.to not talking,解析：句意：“他们很安静，是吗？”“是的，他们习惯了在吃饭时不讲话。”be accustomed to“习惯、适应”，等于be used to。这里to是介词，再根据句意，可知选D。,答案：D,3.作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语通常是表示无生命的事物的名 词或what引导的名词性从句，表语动名词与主语通常是 对等的关系，表示主语的内容。主语、表语可互换位置。My job is taking care of the garden.Taking care of the garden is my job.料理这个花园是我的工作
33、。,4.作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。a walking sticka stick for walkinga stick which is used for walking 拐杖 a washing machinea machine for washinga machine which is used for washing 洗衣机 a reading rooma room for readinga room which is used for reading 阅览室,二、动名词的复合结构1.动名词的复合结构就是在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，其形 式是“名词所有格(s)doing
34、”或“形容词性物主代词(ones)doing”。这种结构可以在句中作主语或宾语。The presidents attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(作主语)总统亲自出席会议给了他们很大的鼓舞。I would appreciate your calling back this morning.(作宾语)如果今早接到你的回复电话，我会很高兴。,2.但是，在口语中，当动词ing的复合结构在句中作宾语，特别是当它作介词的宾语时，其复合结构中的名词所有 格可用名词的普通格代替，形容词性的物主代词可以用
35、 代词的宾格形式代替。He thought of passengers waiting for help.他想到乘客们正在等待帮助。He insisted on me going to help her.他坚持让我去帮助她。,温馨提示当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，须用普通格形式。Were looking forward to spring coming.我们盼望着春天的到来。,14.(2007全国卷)At the beginning of the class，the noise of desks could be heard outside the classroom.A.opened
36、and closed B.to be opened and closed C.being opened and closed D.to open and close,解析：句意：刚开始上课的时候，开关书桌的声音在教室外面都能听到。根据句子结构，介词of后面接动名词的复合结构作宾语。所以选C。,答案：C,三、动名词的时态与语态,15.(2008江西高考)I hear theyve promoted Tom，but he didnt mention when we talked on the phone.A.to promote B.having been promoted C.having pr
37、omoted D.to be promoted,解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：我听说他们提拔了汤姆，但我们在电话中交谈的时候，他并没有提到自己已被提拔。动词mention后接ing形式，且promote的动作发生在mention之前，因此用ing分词完成式的被动语态符合句子要求。,答案：B,四、不定式与动名词作宾语时的区别1.在某些动词之后既可以跟动名词又可以跟不定式作其宾语，两种形式在意义上差别不大，如continue，begin，start，like，prefer，love，hate等。He started crying(to cry).他哭了起来。Prices will continue
38、rising(to rise).物价将继续上涨。,温馨提示(1)start和begin在下列情况下一般跟动词不定式作宾语：主语是“物”而不是“人”；start和begin用于进行时；start和begin后接表示心理活动或状态的动词，如like，hate，know，understand，realize等。He started to realize that he was wrong.他开始意识到自己错了。,(2)like/love/hate/preferto do表示具体行为；doing sth.表示抽象、倾向概念。I like swimming，but I dont like to swim
39、 today.我喜欢游泳，但我今天不想游泳。(3)如果like，love，prefer前有would，后面则应接动词不定式。I would like to see him tomorrow.我想明天见到他。,2.下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定 式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：,forget,to do sth.忘记去做某事doing sth.忘记已经做过某事,remember,to do sth.记住去做某事doing sth.记得曾经做过某事,regret,to do sth.遗憾要做某事doing sth.后悔做了某事,stop,to do sth.停下来去做另一件
40、事(不定式 作目的状语)doing sth.停止做某事,try,to do sth.努力/试图做某事doing sth.尝试着做某事,mean,to do sth.意欲/想/企图做某事doing sth.意味着做某事,go on,to do sth.(做完某事)接着做另一件事doing sth.继续做同一件事,cant help,to do sth.不能帮助做某事doing sth.情不自禁地做某事,He forgot to pay me the money.他忘记要给我付钱了。(“付钱”未发生)He forgot paying me the money他忘记曾给我付过钱了。(“付钱”已发生)
41、,16.(2009陕西高考)I still rememberto the Famen Temple and what I saw there.A.to take B.to be taken C.taking D.being taken,解析：考查非谓语动词。remember to do sth.记得要做某事(该事情未发生)；remember doing sth.记得做过某事(该事情已经发生)。依据后文的“what I saw there”可知这里说的是记得已经发生的事情；再者take的宾语就是句子的主语，二者间是动宾关系，用被动形式，所以选being taken。,答案：D,17.(2008湖
42、南高考)Susan wanted to be independent of her parents.She triedalone，but she didnt like it and moved back home.A.living B.to live C.to be living D.having lived,解析：try living alone意为“试着独自生活”，living alone为宾语。,答案：A,分词 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词一般表示主动进行的意思，过去分词表示被动完成的意思，分词具有形容词、副词和动词的特征，在句中可作定语、表语、补语或状语。,一、分词的时态和
43、语态,二、分词的句法功能1.作定语(1)现在分词作定语有两种形式：作定语用的现在分词如果 是单个词，一般放在被修饰词的前面，称为前置定语；如果是现在分词短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，称为后 置定语，相当于一个定语从句。He is a promising young man.他是一个有前途的年轻人。The girl standing there(who is standing there)is my sister.站在那边的那个女孩是我妹妹。,18.(2009江西高考)The government plans to bring in new lawsparents to take more res
44、ponsibility for the education of their children.A.forced B.forcing C.to be forced D.having forced,解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：政府计划制定新的法律，迫使父母对孩子的教育承担更多的责任。forcing parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰laws。,答案：B,19.(2009浙江高考)There is a great deal of evidence that mu
45、sic activities engage different parts of the brain.A.indicate B.indicating C.to indicate D.to be indicating,解析：考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语a great deal of evidence与indicate之间是主谓关系，应该用indicate的现在分词形式indicating，此处相当于“.a great deal of evidence which indicates that.”，故选B项。,答案：B,20.(2009福建高考)In April,2009，President Hu i
46、nspected the warships in Qingdao，the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.A.marking B.marked C.having marked D.being marked,解析：考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构及句意可知，mark这一动作在此处作定语，其逻辑主语是前面整个句子，前后为主谓关系，相当于“which marked”。再者，mark这一动作显然不是发生在inspect之前的，所以需用marking而不能用having marked。,答案：A,(2)过去分词作定语 过去分词作定语表示完成或
47、被动的动作，也有前置和后 置两种情况。单个过去分词一般作前置定语，过去分词 短语通常作后置定语。A lost opportunity never returns.机不可失，时不再来。They came to a small town surrounded on three sides by mountains.他们来到了一个三面环山的小镇。,2.作表语 现在分词作表语表示主语的特征性质，过去分词作表语 则说明主语的状态。The news was exciting.这个消息令人兴奋。The glass was broken.玻璃杯碎了。现在分词作表语，常见的有：exciting，interest
48、ing，disappointing，discouraging，encouraging，puzzling，missing，surprising，confusing，amusing，charming，astonishing，shocking，inviting(诱人的)等。这些现在 分词几乎已经变成形容词，常可用very修饰。,过去分词作表语，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，
49、worried，excited，puzzled等。,3.作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语，强调动作正在进行，表示主动 关系；过去分词作宾补表示被动或完成。I saw him playing on the playground.我看见他正在操场玩耍。(正在进行)I found my key lost.我发现钥匙丢了。(被动/完成),温馨提示(1)在某些感官动词，如see，hear，watch，feel，observe，listen to，notice等后，既可加现在分词作宾语补足语，又可接不定式作宾语补足语。区别为：不定式作宾语补足语表示整个动作已完成。现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行。I
50、 saw him crossing the road.(正在过马路)I saw him cross the road.(过了马路),(2)在使役动词如have，get，leave，keep，set，send，catch等后作宾语补足语。I wont have you talking to Mother like that.我不允许你对妈妈那样说话。The victory sent our spirits rising.胜利使得我们情绪高涨。,21.(2009全国卷)They use computers to keep the trafficsmoothly.A.being run B.run
