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1、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 部： 机械工程系 专 业： 机械工程及自动化 姓 名： 学 号： 外文出处： mechanical_English_article/2008 /11/mapeng_08112422114232.html 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。指导教师评语：该英文翻译经过几次修改后语句较通顺，较能正确表达原文的内容。这反映了该生通过本英文翻译基本掌握了科技文献的阅读方法和常用专业词汇的翻译方法，基本达到了外文资料翻译的目的。 签名： 附件1：外文资料翻译译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策摘要 当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动
2、态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。关键字 数控技术 发展趋势 对策 战略考虑1 概述装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济
3、时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最核心的技术。 数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。2 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的
4、不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面13。21 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。 从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运
5、行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公司的Hyper Mach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60000r/min。加工1薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达12*1000r/min和1g。 在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10m提高到5m，精密级加工中心则从35m，提高到11.5m，并且超精密加工
6、精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01m)。 在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。 为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。22 五轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂
7、等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。 当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床（含5面加工机床）的发展。 在EMO2001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接
8、或间接控制。2.3 智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。3 对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程，特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关，总体来看取得了以下成
9、绩。 1.奠定了数控技术发展的基础，基本掌握了现代数控技术。 2.初步形成了数控产业基地。 3.建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍。 虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步，但我们也要清醒地认识到，我国高端数控技术的研究开发，尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距。从国际上来看，对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下。 1.技术水平上，与国外先进水平大约落后1015年，在高精尖技术方面更大。 2.产业化水平上，市场占有率低，品种覆盖率小，还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；国
10、产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应，用户信心不足。 3.可持续发展的能力上，对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强；相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后。4 对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考4.1 战略考虑我国是制造大国，在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移，即要掌握先进制造核心技术，否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中，我国制造业将进一步“空芯”。我们以资源、环境、市场为代价，交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心”，而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位，这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程。 我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控
11、技术和产业问题，首先从社会安全看，因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业，制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生活水平，而且还可缓解我国就业的压力，保障社会的稳定；其次从国防安全看，西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质，对我国实现禁运和限制，“东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证。4.2 发展策略强调市场需求为导向，即以数控终端产品为主，以整机（如量大面广的数控车床、铣床、高速高精高性能数控机床、典型数字化机械、重点行业关键设备等）带动数控产业的发展。重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件（数字化伺服系统与电机、高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等）的可靠性和生产规模问题。没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品
12、；没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品；当然，没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日。 在高精尖装备研发方面，要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合，以“做得出、用得上、卖得掉”为目标，按国家意志实施攻关，以解决国家之急需。 在竞争前数控技术方面，强调创新，强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品，为我国数控产业、装备制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础。参考文献：1 中国机床工具工业协会行业发展部.CIMT2001巡礼J.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：18-20.2 梁训王宣,周延佑.机床技术发展的新动向J.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：21-28.3 中国机
13、床工具工业协会数控系统分会.CIMT2001巡礼J.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(5)：13-17.附件2：外文原文Numerical control technology and equipment trend of development and countermeasureAbstractNow the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enha
14、nces to the dynamic changeable market adaptive ness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to de
15、velop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the
16、world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way.Keywords: Numerical control technology trend of development countermeasure strategy consideration1. Introduc
17、tion The equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (
18、for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies i
19、n produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology.The numerical c
20、ontrol technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representatives new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to th
21、e traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2)information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)automatic control technology;
22、(4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software technology and so on.2. Numerical control technology trend of developmentNot only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufactur
23、ing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the peoples livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) d
24、evelopment more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hot spot has following several a
25、spect 13.2.1. high speed high、precision work technology and equipment new tendencyThe efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, r
26、educes the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions.U
27、nfolds from EMO2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our countrys Shanghai General Motors,
28、 already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporations Hyper Mach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatly min, fast is 100 m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has re
29、ached 60000r/min. Processes a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The German DMG Corporations double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respe
30、ctively reach 12*1000r/mm and 1g. In the processing precision aspect, in the recent 10 years, the ordinary level numerical control engine bed processing precision from 10m enhanced 5m, the fine level of secrecy processing center from 35 m, enhances to 11.5 m, and the ultra precise processing precisi
31、on started to enter a nanometer level (0.01m).In the reliable aspect, the overseas numerical control installment value has reached above 6000h, the servo system value achieved above 30000h, displays the extremely high reliability. In order to realize, the high precision work high speed, with it nece
32、ssary function part like electricity main axle, the straight line electrical machinery obtained the fast development, the application domain further expanded.2.2. 5 axis linkage processing and compound processing engine bed fast development Uses 5 axis linkages to the three dimensional curved surfac
33、e components processing, the available cutting tool best geometry shape carries on the cutting, not only the smooth finish is high, moreover the efficiency also large scale enhances. Believed generally that, 5 axis linkage engine bed efficiency may be equal to 3 axis linkage engine bed, specially us
34、es when the cubic boron nitride and so on the ultra hard material milling cutter carries on the high speed milling hardened steel components, 5 axis linkage processing may compared to 3 axis linkage processing display a higher benefit. Because but past 5 axis linkage numerical control system, main e
35、ngine structure complex and so on reasons, its price must outdo the several fold compared to 3 axis linkage numerical control engine bed, added the programming technology difficulty to be big, has restricted 5 axis linkage engine bed development.Current as a result of electricity main axle appearanc
36、e, causes to realize 5 axis linkage processing compound host axle neck structure is greatly the simplification, its manufacture difficulty and the cost reduce large scale, numerical control system price disparity reduction. Therefore promoted the compound host axle neck type 5 axis linkage engine be
37、d and the compound processing engine bed (including 5 processing engine beds) development.Unfolds at the meeting in EMO2001, the new Japanese labor machine 5 processing engine beds use the compound host axle neck, may realize 4 vertical plane processing and the random angle processing, causes 5 proc
38、essing and 5 axis processing may realize on the identical Taiwan engine bed, but also may realize the inclined plane and the back taper hole processing. German DMG Corporation displays the DMUVoution series processing center, may clamp the next 5 processing and 5 axis linkage processing in an attire
39、, may by the CNC systems or CAD/CAM which are controlled detract or interact.2.3. Intellectualizations, open style, the network becomes the contemporary numerical control system development the main tendencyThe 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized system, th
40、e intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performa
41、nce and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, l
42、ike intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on.3. Pair of our country numerical control technology and ind
43、ustrial development basic estimateLooks over our country numerical control technology near 50 year development course, especially passes through 45 year plan attacks, the overall looked has obtained following result.a. Has laid the numerical control technological development foundation, has grasped
44、the modern numerical control technology basically. b. Has formed the numerical control industry base initially. c. Has established a numerical control research, the development, managerial talents basic troop. Although has made the considerable progress in the numerical control technology research d
45、evelopment as well as the industrial production aspect, but we also must realize soberly, our country high end numerical control technology research development, in particular also has the big disparity in the industrial production aspect technical level present situation and our countrys realistic
46、demand. From international looked that, is approximately as follows to our country numerical control technical level and the industrial production level estimate. a. In the technical level, probably falls behind with the overseas advanced level for 1015 years, in precise and advanced technical aspec
47、t then bigger. b. In the industrial production level, the market share is low, the variety coverage fraction is small, but also has not formed the scale production; The function part specialization production level and complete set ability are low; Outward appearance quality relative error; The reliability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; The domestically produced numerical control system not yet establishes own brand effect, the user confidence is insufficient. c. In sustainable development ability, to the competition before the numerical
