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1、六级阅读指导,Bessie,阅读需要五个能力：,语言是一个慢慢积累的过程 75%能力+20%技巧+5%状态1）词汇和短语（核心词汇+普通词汇）2）句型和长难句（修饰和分句）3）速度4）逻辑关系（归纳和演绎）中西方的不同思维方式5）背景知识（做个杂家）,用英文思维是许多英语学习者都希望达到的一种境界我体会到坚持大量阅读是实现这一目标最有效的途径之一。首先要选好难易程度适中的原文书籍：一般以每页（大32开）不超过八个生词为宜。其次是阅读方法：要像读中文小说那样快速浏览，不默读，不查字典，更不通过翻译来理解原文的意思。遇见不认识的生词，要根据上下文来推测。第三是要坚持天天都读，而且要给自己规定每天必
2、须完成的阅读任务。只要坚持下去，几个月，半年之后，肯定会看到成效。(何其莘),胡文仲：对于初中级英语学习者我特别推荐英语简易读物，读的材料要浅易，故事性要强，读的速度尽可能快一些，读的越多越好。这是学好英语屡试不爽的一个好办法。黄源深：大量阅读对英语学习至关重要，没有大量阅读很难学好英语。现今学生的一个通病是阅读量太小，拘泥于短文章上的“精耕细作”，产生不了语感，因而口笔语都缺少外国味。多读文学作品和外国报刊不失为一剂良药。,加强泛读：,梅仁毅：简易读物对打好基础极有用，要多读。一是数量要多，至少读四十本。二是要重复读，选出十至十五本，读三遍，读到许多问题印在脑子中。在基础阶段后期，或高年级，
3、要努力背诵名篇，比如说，背50-100篇。无论从语言还是内容来说，这都是精华。背熟了，对了解西方文化，对研究文字的运用都有好处。,阅读技巧,1.抓主题，切中心*2.查事实、找细节*3.善推理、巧判断 4.猜观点、定态度*5.看文章、辩词意*,1.抓主题，切中心,*学习识别文章中最基本，最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。（高频词汇）*学会借助文章的结构TS-DS-CS来把握中心思想。（主题句Topic sentence 扩展句 developing sentence 结尾句 conclusive sentence）,2.查事实、找细节,*特别注意涉及who,wh
4、at,when,where,HowWhy等问题的内容。在有关此类内容的地方要作一标记，以便在回答问题时迅速查找。,3.善推理、巧判断,*根据文中所陈述内容的逻辑发展，上下文的联贯以及文中有关部分的暗示，作出判断或进行推理。,4.猜观点、定态度,*特别注意形容词,副词,感叹词及一些带有强烈感情色彩的动词等.,5.看文章、辩词意,*遇到一些不认识的单词或短语,这些词语的意思对正确理解文意很重要 必须对该词义进行猜测，得出大概的模糊概念。,猜测生词的方法:(1)根据构词法猜测(2)根据上下文猜测定义、解释、对比、举例、同义、反义、(3)根据常识猜测,四级阅读题型,2013年12月大学英语六考试第三部
5、分为阅读理解题，分别是：Section A 选词填空 解题步骤 实例分析Section B 匹配选择 解题步骤 实例分析Section C 多项选择（四选一）解题步骤 实例分析,阅读题型一：选词填空,选词填空题是大学英语四级考试的新题型，考测综合能力，占整个考试分值不高。选词填空题的文章长度在220250词左右，要求从给出的15个词中选择10个填入合适的空中。,选词填空的15个待选词不仅难于完型的四个选项，而且分成名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类。考生必须先确定词性，再结合短文的逻辑做出选择。,设计题目时并非拿来一篇短文随便去掉几个词,它的规律是：首句不设空；一句话中不设两空；设空比较均匀，基本
6、覆盖整个段落；设空不影响考生对文章大意的理解；选项所提供的词皆为实义词，包括：名词、动词、形容词、副词、分词等，它们与文章的上下文紧密联系；每个正确选项大都有干扰项，相互干扰的选项之间不是同义词或近义词，就是同词性的词。,选词填空解题要点,仔细阅读选项，根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳。如名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词各有几个选项。动词归类要细分为v，ved,ving。细读首句，抓住中心。首先要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让读者知道本文的相关主题词或主题。,判断原文空缺处所需单词的词性：1).一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词。2).名词
7、主要做主语、宾语。3).形容词或名词都可以修饰名词。4).限定词（the,this,that,a,my之类）后必有名词。5).谓语动词前必有名词或名词性质的主语 6).介词后面必有名词 7).副词修饰形容词或动词,选词填空解题步骤,第一步：快速通读全文，基本了解 文章的主旨大意；第二步：分析文章空格处所需填写词的词性，考虑搭配 根据空格在文章中所处的位置，结合空格处的上下文，综合考查，对空格处所需填写的词性进行初步 估计和猜测，要特别留意空格处 是否是一个固定搭配；第三步：根据结构、搭配、文意 选择正确答案 第四步：通读全文，查漏补缺，检查答案,选词阅读小窍门,特别提示：1.对于已经确定正确的
8、已用过的词,要用铅笔划掉,缩 小选择范围;2.在分析空格处和备选词的词性时,要特别考虑词汇 的固定搭配情况;3.选词的时候要“瞻前顾后”,保持 文章前后通顺流畅;4.难于选择的题项先空下来,最后在 剩余同词性的单词中筛选。,阅读题型二：匹配选择,以前的快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning)在本次考试中有了重大改变。文章后面共有10道题,以前是 7道判断【或选择】和3道短句填空题，本次采用信息匹配题型。考查学生从大篇文字中快速有效提取有价值信息的能力阅读文章单词量一般在 800-1200 字左右,体裁主要是说明文，题材涉及人文社科,自然科学等，答题时间为 15 分钟；这类题型并不
9、一定是文中缺少的语句，大部分是对一段文章对的大意概括与归纳（主旨归纳题），对部分语句的重点理解（细节理解题），模拟题中也出现了部分插入缺失语句（插空补全题）,匹配选择题解题步骤,1.仔细阅读题干中的话语，确定一些明显的能有区别性的信息，并下划线。这些信息包括大写字母（专有名词），数字（时间等）。如果某个信息在上一个题干中曾经被标志又再次出现，基本上就可以把它变为普通信息。2.利用关键迅速在文中搜索与定位，下划线之后与题干信息进行对比，确定是否需要进一步在别的地方寻找。3.在文中标注插入的题干号码，并在题干号码前标志，表示已经选择，以便后期缩小选择的范围。4.碰到部分较难选择的，需要重新确定关键
10、词进行搜寻。,阅读题型三：多项选择,传统的阅读题，在一篇300-500词的文章后，跟着5个问题，要求学生在9分钟左右完成。文章生词总量不超过3%。此类题型是为了测试阅读理解的准确度和阅读速度。(阅读速度一般在70-100词/分钟）。多项选择题型包括细节题、词义题、结构辨 析题、逻辑分析题、主旨题、推断题、观点态度题和综合题等。,阅读理解的选材与选裁1.选材:社会生活、经济、教育、文化、科普、等方面。一般以社会生活和经济为主。2.体裁:议论文,说明文,叙述文,描述文。一般以议论文和说明文为主。3.特点:(1)说明文为主,兼议论(2)最新国外报刊新闻(3)词汇量大、并有专有名词(4)文章较长,须圈
11、点阅读,多项选择题解题步骤:,第一步：速读原文做路标 先速读文章，注意读首段、各段首句和全文末句，把握全文大意；同时扫描标志词、圈划标志词附近的关键实词。如果生僻词和难句不牵涉到后面的题目,可以 跳过不看.第二步：明确题型找考点 速读完文章看考题时，首先要分清考题的题型。分清题型后即可根据不同的题型寻找答案。第三步：重叠原文定答案 定位文章中相关的内容 出现的位置，仔细思考。,解题步骤与思路,选词填空匹配选择多项选择（主要题型）,多项选择题的主要形式：,1.主题主旨类题(包括段落主旨题)2.词汇与难句解释题(包括指代题)3.事实细节题4.判断推理题等(包括观点态度题),主旨题（关键词的组合）细
12、节题（定位-长句分析）观点态度题（首尾段-措辞）推理题（长句分析-合理判断）词义辨析题（构词法；上下文）,问题常见句式：1.The major point discussed in the passage is _2.The best article for this passage should be _.3.The passage tells us _.4.The authors purpose in writing this passage is to _5.It can be concluded from the passage that _6.According to the aut
13、hor,_,阅读理解1-主旨题,主题主旨类题(包括段落主旨题):步骤:a.快速浏览全文.尤其注意开头和结尾.b.找出多次出现的中心词(topic noun，key word)c.特别注意措词(choice of word)和衔接词(connectives)，形成一定的观点，注意不能过于抽象也不能过于具体,According to legend,the gods of the ancient Greeks lived in the clouds on the top of Mount Olympus.Zeus,the father of the gods carried a bolt of li
14、ghtning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king.Apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows;he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain.Athena was the warrior goddess,standing in shining armor ready to protect the Greek cities.There were other gods as well,all with familia
15、r human characteristics,but these were the leading gods.A.The Gods of the Ancient Greeks B.The Legend of the Sky God Zeus C.Beliefs of the Ancient Greeks D.Religions of the Past,According to legend,the gods of the ancient Greeks lived in the clouds on the top of Mount Olympus.Zeus,the father of the
16、gods carried a bolt of lightning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king.Apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows;he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain.Athena was the warrior goddess,standing in shining armor ready to protect the Greek cities.There were other gods
17、 as well,all with familiar human characteristics,but these were the leading gods.A.The Gods of the Ancient Greeks B.The Legend of the Sky God Zeus C.Beliefs of the Ancient Greeks D.Religions of the Past,According to legend,the gods of the ancient Greeks lived in the clouds on the top of Mount Olympu
18、s.Zeus,the father of the gods carried a bolt of lightning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king.Apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows;he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain.Athena was the warrior goddess,standing in shining armor ready to protect the Greek cit
19、ies.There were other gods as well,all with familiar human characteristics,but these were the leading gods.A.The Gods of the Ancient Greeks B.The Legend of the Sky God Zeus C.Beliefs of the Ancient Greeks D.Religions of the Past,词汇和难句解释题(包括指代题)常见问题句式：1.The word(LinePara)most probably refer to _2.In t
20、his passage,(LinePara)probably means _3.By“”,the author means_4.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to“”?5.According to the author,the word“”means_6.The word“”most likely means _解题关键:上下文、构词知识、常识,阅读理解2-词汇语义题,.词汇和难句解释题(包括指代题)常见问题句式：1.The word(LinePara)most probably refer to _2.In this passage
21、,(LinePara)probably means _3.By“”,the author means_4.Which of the following is nearest in meaning to“”?5.According to the author,the word“”means_6.The word“”most likely means _解题关键:上下文、构词知识、常识,词汇语义题技巧1：上下文（定义同义）,利用文中所给的定义,解释,重述等(definition,explanation,restatement etc.).常用的标志词(signal words)有:be,be ca
22、lled,be known as,be defined as,mean,refer to,namely,or,that is,i.e.,in other words etc.常用的标志符号(signal marks)有:逗号,破折号,括号,冒号等。,Eg.1)In many cases,people turn to a technique called joint consultation,an approach based on the belief that it is possible to treat the work force as individuals and consult
23、with them.2)I am a resolute man;once I set up a goal,I wont give it up easily.3)The Rose Parade began to include floats,moving vehicles covered with brightly-colored flowers.4)Captain Don was towing a boat over a deep part of the ocean.Then suddenly a fog appeared around the boat he was pulling.,练习：
24、1.The type of meter is called multi-meter,which is used to measure electricity.2.They will be on the night shift-from midnight to 6 am.-next week.3.Although I did not completely approve of the idea,I sanctioned it for I could not think of a better one.,利用列举的例子(examples).常用的标志词有:such as,for example e
25、tc.,词汇语义题技巧2：上下文（举例）,Eg.1)When dieting,use salt,pepper,ginger and other spices to flavor your food.2)If you like,select any of these periodicals:Newsweek,Readers Digest,College English or English Salon.3)This punishment is applied only to first wrongdoers who commit light offences such as shopliftin
26、g,drunk driving etc.4.After a days hunting,Harold is ravenous.Yesterday,he ate two bowls of soup,salad,a large chicken,and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied.,利用比较和对比关系(comparison and contrast).常用的标志词有:as,like,as as;but,while,unlike,however etc.,Eg.1)The public was more intere
27、sted in carnal pleasures than spiritual ones.(not spiritual 肉体的,物质的)2)The hot-air balloon took off.It was buoyant in the air as a cork(软木塞)floats in water.(able to float 能漂/飘浮的)3)Jean was talking with others while Helen remained reticent all the time.(not revealing ones feelings easily 沉默寡言的)4)The m
28、odest receive benefit,while the conceited reap failure.(骄傲自满的)谦受益，满招损。,词汇语义题技巧3：上下文（反义与对比）,如何利用构词知识(word building/formation)?英语三大构词法:(1)词缀法(affixation)(2)复合构成法(compounding)(3)词性转换法(conversion)要求学生平时对一些常用的前缀,后缀及词根有所了解和记忆.,词汇语义题技巧4：构词知识,Eg.1.The miserable conditions experienced by the whites in the se
29、a crossing were as nothing compared with the misery of the Negroes in their passage.2.Its a quiet,comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point3.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.Well-designed t
30、ools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward。,利用常识或相关信息(general knowledge and related information),词汇语义题技巧5：常识,Eg.1)The door was so low that the man hit his head on the lintel.(the upper horizontal part of a doors framework 门的横梁)2)Just before the exam,Toms hands sho
31、ok and sweated so much that he couldnt hold a pen.His heart beat fast and his stomach ached,even though he knew the subject very well.He really had a strange phobia about taking tests.(unreasonable,extreme or abnormal fear病态的恐惧),阅读理解3-事实细节题,事实细节题:考生首先应把握文章段落的结 TS-DS-CS 清楚地知道拓展句肯定是用来支撑主题句的.然后搞明白DS与TS
32、是一种什么样的逻辑发展关系,即列举,因果,对比比较,时间顺序,空间顺序,流程顺序等,关注相应的标志词,对应相应的问题.再关注DS相互间的逻辑关系,尤其是英文中典型的句型,如:rather than,more A than B,not so much A as B etc.最后作出正确选择.,关于事实细节题在四级考试中常以两种形式出现,即:1)针对文中所列举的例子进行提问:What does the author mean/want to say by mentioning the example in Para 2/3/6?What does the example in Para 1/4 b
33、est illustrate/support?等等这时候，只需要读该例子的前或后一句子就可找到答案,）针对文中支撑句之间的逻辑关系进行提问：Who.?When/Under what circumstances?Where.?What?Why.?How.?这时候，就应找出文中相对应的衔接词，典型句型，同义转换等，选择正确答案,阅读理解4-判断推理题,判断推理题(包括观点态度题):善于阅读的人不仅能读出作者提供的直接信息,更能读出文中字里行间的言外之意(read between/beyond the lines for the implied meanings),进行合乎逻辑的推理,判断,总结,从
34、而得出合理的推理结论.一般而言,判断推理题有两种:对文章的某些内容,结构等进行推断;对作者的观点,态度,语气等进行推断.,推理题常用提问句式1.We can infer(推断)from the passage that _.2.The story suggests(暗示)that _.3.We can conclude(得出结论)from the passage that _.4.Which of the following might happen later?5.From the passage we can tell/learn _.6.The writer of the passage
35、 considers it _.7.Which of the following indicates/implies_?,态度题常用提问句式1.Whats the authors main point?2.The author seems to agree that_3.In the authors opinion,_4.According to the author,_5.This authors attitude towards.can best be described as_6.The authors main purpose in writing this paragraph is
36、to_.7.The tone of this passage is best described as_,推理题解题步骤:,在阅读中，人们首先理解的是语言的字面意义，即词汇的所指意义（denotative meaning）。然而，语言所表达的内容常常超过其字面意义。这就需要我们掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法，根据事物发展的自然规律以及语言本身的内在联系，从一定的文字符号中获得尽可能多的信息。阅读者在阅读过程难以正确理解文本的意义，主要原因是：1）缺少必要背景知识2）句子结构复杂造成思维混乱3）特殊句型的涵义不明，无法正确判断,1)通读全文,对文章的大意,作者的态度,观点等有个整体把握.Skim fo
37、r the general ideas.2)带着问题寻读.Scan with the questions in mind.3)特别注意作者的措词.Pay special attention to the writers choice of words.因为作者的独特措词 往往可以反映出他的观点,态度;考生也可把握文章的语言风格.考生应特别注意形容词,副词,感叹词及一些带有强烈感情色彩的动词等.4)做题时,首先排除明显的干扰项（即:directly stated statements;false statements),然后以文章的事实为依据,作出正确判断.,Humans have a very
38、 varied diet.We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us.In countries such as France and Britain,people eat foods with too much sugar.This makes them overweight,which is bad for their health.Eating too much red meat and animal products,such as butter,can also be bad for th
39、e health.Choosing the right food,therefore,has become an area of study in modem life.,Q:We can learn from the paragraph that_.food is chosen for a good reasonB.French and British food is goodC.some people have few choices of foodD.some people care little about healthy diet,Humans have a very varied
40、diet.We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us.In countries such as France and Britain,people eat foods with too much sugar.This makes them overweight,which is bad for their health.Eating too much red meat and animal products,such as butter,can also be bad for the health
41、.Choosing the right food,therefore,has become an area of study in modem life.,Q:We can learn from the paragraph that_.food is chosen for a good reasonB.French and British food is goodC.some people have few choices of foodD.some people care little about healthy diet,推理题练习,推理题练习,Now and again I have h
42、ad horrible dreams,but not enough of them make me lose my delight in dreams.Most people do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as an annoying little habit,like sneezing(打喷嚏).I can never understand this.My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life be
43、cause there is far less of it,but to me it is important.,Q:What is the authors attitude toward dreaming?He likes it B.He thinks it puzzling.C.He used to like it D.He dislikes it,Now and again I have had horrible dreams,but not enough of them make me lose my delight in dreams.Most people do not seem
44、to accept dreaming as part of their lives.They appear to see it as an annoying little habit,like sneezing(打喷嚏).I can never understand this.My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it,but to me it is important.,Q:What is the authors attitude toward dream
45、ing?He likes it B.He thinks it puzzling.C.He used to like it D.He dislikes it,推理题练习,After a busy day of work and play,the body needs to rest。Sleep is necessary for good health.During this time,the body recovers from the activities of the day.The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for
46、 your body to prepare itself for the next day.Q:The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _.A.suffer from poor health B.feel tired and nervous C.dream more often D.breathe quickly,After a busy day of work and play,the body needs to rest。Sleep is necessary for good health.During
47、this time,the body recovers from the activities of the day.The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.Q:The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _.A.suffer from poor health B.feel tired and nervous C.dream more often
48、D.breathe quickly,语义题练习,In fact,its likely some of these things have already happened to you.Who would watch you without your permission?It might be a spouse,a girlfriend,a marketing company,a boss,a cop or a criminal.Whoever it is,they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen the 21st ce
49、ntury equivalent of being caught naked.（CET-4,2008.6.）Q:What does the author mean by saying“the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked”?,A)Peoples personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.B)In the 21st century people try every means to look into others secrets.C)People
50、tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.D)Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.,A)Peoples personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.B)In the 21st century people try every means to look into others secrets.C)People tend to be more
