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1、民事习惯的民法渊源地位研究 民事习惯的民法渊源地位研究 Study on the Civil Law Status of Civil Custom 【摘要】 从习惯到法律的演变是人类社会历史上第一次文明的体现,并最终为现代社会制度化规范体系建立了深厚的积淀。在民事生活领域中,许许多多的民事习惯与制定法同时存在,并作为法律补充渊源在各国立法及司法实践中发挥着重要的作用。从规范意义角度讲,民事习惯是在民事生活领域经社会公众普遍遵守并具有一定约束力的行为规范。就习惯与法律的关系而言,在古代习惯是法律发展的最初表现形态,在现代习惯是法律发展的重要基础。因此,在当代法治话语中重视民事习惯的作用、确立民事
2、习惯的法源地位及明确民事习惯司法适用规则具有十分重要的理论意义和司法实践价值。法国和德国的民法典虽然没有确立民事习惯的法源地位,但在其他民事法律文件或司法实践中,习惯通过判例制度和法官解释继续发挥作用并补充制定法的不足。瑞士民法典首次将习惯正式确立为法律的补充渊源,体现了开放与现代的民法理念,适应了现代社会的现实需求。在现代英美法国家的法律体系中,习惯法与成文法具有同等重要的地位。在我国现代法律体系中没有确立民事习惯的法源地位,物权法、合同法等法律文件中也较少涉及民事习惯的规定。在我国的法治话语中,民事习惯并没有获得足够的重视,除了在国内少数民族和对外关系问题上,一般是轻视习惯的。由于我国没有
3、确立民事习惯的法源地位和司法适用规则,在我国司法实践中面对制定法的缺陷与漏洞及衡平纠纷解决与规则之治的困境时,无法有效发挥习惯的漏洞补充和解释论证的作用。在本文的研究进路中以归纳分析、对比论证、实证研究的方法对民事习惯的内涵、作用及民事习惯作为民法法源的必要性、可能性进行分析和阐述,并最终在我国未来民法典的制订中,确立民事习惯的法源地位,这将有利于树立公平正义的自治理念并促进法律适用的灵活性,为法官裁判案件提供更为广阔的空间。除引言和结语外,本论文分四部分:第一部分:分析民法渊源和民事习惯的内涵,对民事习惯在法律渊源中的地位进行阐述:民事习惯是形式渊源与间接渊源。在民事习惯与习惯法、民事习惯与
4、制定法两组概念的区分中将民事习惯界定为在民事生活领域,经社会公众普遍遵守并具有一定约束力的社会规范。当李健吾对二三十年代的中国现实主流游离不定而找不到实际归宿之时,1931年,他靠着父执辈和亲朋好友的帮忙得以成功出国。在法国留学的两年时间里,一方面,他日夜研读福楼拜、莫里哀、司汤达等人的作品,外国文艺思潮的影响使他超越了普罗文学的视界;另一方面,远离了中国当时的现实环境,他不必为趋当时之势而费力追赶当时文学潮流,使他有更多时间去实践他自己的创作技巧与风格。在他留法期间完成的最重要的一个三幕剧村长之家,这个剧本与李健吾以前的剧作明显不同,故事情节由简单变为复杂,人物性格由单一变为多重,剧情发生的
5、背景也不再是城市,而是“华北乡间某村镇上”,实际上就是以他的故乡安邑西曲【Abstract】 The evolution from the custom to law is the first civilization in the human society and provides profound foundation for the institutionalization system. The civil custom comes along with the positive law in civil field, as the source of law, the custom
6、 plays an important role in legislation and legal practice. From the standard point, civil custom is the behavioral norms in the civil field and complied by public with sanction. The custom is the primary form of the law in ancient times and the major foundation in modern times. Therefore, attaching
7、 importance to the civil custom and establishing the custom status as the source of law have theoretical significance and judicial practice.Although the status of the custom in civil law system is not established in France and Germany Civil Code, but the custom comes into effect by the repudiation a
8、nd the interpretation of the judge and replenish the deficiency of the statute. The Swiss Civil Code establishes the custom as the source of law for the first time so as to be applicable to reality. The custom has the same statute with the statuary law in common law counties. We have not yet establi
9、shed the custom as the source of law and less touching upon the civil custom in civil law system. and in legal practice the loophole of the law and the predicament between dispute resolution and rule by law cant be resolved by the custom, therefore, the custom cant play the function of replenishing
10、the loophole of the law and demonstrating.This paper elaborates the connotation、effect、necessity and possibility with inductive analysis、contrast argumentation and empirical research approach. In our making the civil code in future, establishing the custom status in the source of law and forming the
11、 multivariate source system of law will be propitious to the setting up justice and equity idea and promote the flexibility in application of law as well as wider space for the judge hearing the cases.Besides lead-in and conclusion, the dissertation contains four parts.Chapter one, analyzes the conn
12、otation of the civil law origin and civil custom. Elaborates the status of custom in source of civil law: formal and indirect sources. In the division of the concept civil custom with common law and positive law, the civil custom is the standard with sanction by public in civil life field. Chapter t
13、wo, analyzes the status of custom in France、Germany、Switzerland、Taiwan and Common Law counties with comparative method. Attaching the important status for custom in law system and replenishing the loophole of the positive law.Chapter three, elaborates the necessity and probability of the custom as t
14、he source of law in our counties. Establishing the status of the civil custom can form multivariate law system and replenish the loophole of the positive law and explanation basis high degree of autonomy.Chapter four, demonstrates the qualifications and rank order of custom in the source of law. Ins
15、titutes the qualifications and status of the custom as the supplementary source: where otherwise provided for by law, such provisions shall prevail, where there are no relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with the civil custom and setting the custom application condition and r
16、estriction principle.【关键词】 民事习惯; 民法渊源; 补充渊源 【Key words】 Civil Custom; Source of Civil Law; Supplementary Source of Law 民事习惯的民法渊源地位研究内容摘要 4-6 Abstract 6-7 引言 9-10 一、民法渊源与民事习惯 10-21 (一) 民法渊源 10-14 (二) 民事习惯 14-21 二、民事习惯法源地位的比较法考察 21-27 (一) 大陆法系有关国家民事习惯的法源地位 21-23 (二) 英美法系国家民事习惯的法源地位 23-25 (三) 我国台湾地区民事习惯的法源地位 25-27 三、确立民事习惯作为我国民法渊源的必要性与可能性 27-39 (一) 确立民事习惯作为我国民法渊源的必要性 27-32 (二) 确立民事习惯作为我国民法渊源的可能性 32-39 四、民事习惯民法渊源地位的确立 39-44 (一) 民事习惯的民法渊源地位 39-42 (二) 民事习惯的适用条件与限制原则 42-44 结语 44-45 致谢 45-46 参考文献 46-48
