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1、浅析中英习语的文化内涵An Analysis of the Cultural Connotation in English and Chinese IdiomsAbstract: Different people from different countries may have different understandings of the same sentence because of their different cultures. While the ultimate aim of English learning is to cultivate students competen
2、ce to apply English correctly, fluently, and appropriately in inter-cultural communication. Idioms, a part of language, are the essence of culture in every country and they embody the rich cultural features. If students dont understand the cultural connotation reflected in idioms they may have great
3、 difficulty in understanding and communicating with people from different countries. Therefore, it is necessary for language learners to make the study. This paper is divided into three parts. The first and second part shows people what idiom is, what culture is., as well as their relationship. The
4、principal part of this paper is the third part, which discusses the idioms reflecting the differences of Chinese and Western cultures in various levels with many lively, important, and interesting examples of idioms in hope of helping language learners lessen misunderstanding and improve the communi
5、cative competence in inter-cultural communication.Key words: idioms; culture; culture connotation 摘 要： 不同的人来自不同的国家，因为他们不同的文化，可能对同一个句子有不同的理解。然而，英语学习的最终目的是让学生能正确的，流利的，恰当的，在跨文化交际中运用英语。习语是语言的一部分，是各国文化的精髓，体现了丰富的文化特征。如果学生不理解习语所反映的文化内涵，他们可能很难和其他国家的人们正确交流。因此，英语学习者很有必要对习语进行研究。这篇文章分为三部分。第一和第二部分主要写了什么是习语，什么是文化
6、，以及它们之间的关系。第三部分是文章的主体部分，论述习语在文化的各个层次上所反映的中西文化差异，并采纳生动有趣的例子作为论据进行适当的分析，希望帮助语言学习者减少对习语的误解和提高跨文化交际的能力。关键词：习语；文化；文化内涵ContentsI. Introduction1II. Literature on the Studies of Idioms.2III. Idioms and Culture.3A. Definition of idioms.3B. Brief introduction of culture.4C. Language and culture.5IV. Comparati
7、ve Analysis of Cultural Implication of Chinese and English Idioms .6A. Differences in regions and geography .6B. Differences in convention and values.7C. Differences in historic allusion8D. Differences in religious belief10V. Conclusion 11Work cited .12I. Introduction Idioms are an important part of
8、 the language and culture of a society. Idioms are often hard to understand and even harder to use correctly. The proper use of idioms in a language is often a mark of a persons command of the language. English and Chinese idioms carved with cultural characteristics account for a great part in commu
9、nication. Generally speaking, idioms include colloquialism, proverb and slang. It is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words (Eugene 15). The abundance and variety of idioms in the English language may be to a great extent for by the historical de
10、velopment of the language. Many idiomatic expressions come from the everyday life of people.Every language is laden with idioms. An idiom is a word or group of words that cannot be literally translated from the sources language into the receptors because an idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by
11、literally defining its component part. Idioms are one of the important language elements. They are formed through longtime practice. They are not only the core and cream of a language but also an indivisible part of it. They usually have their unique national and local cultural connotations which be
12、ar a deep national and local imprint that is unsubstantiated for. Besides, idioms are the symbolic representation of a people; and it comprises their historical and cultural background as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.English, as the most active and widely used
13、 language, enjoys a vast idiomatic, basis which makes its learning very exciting and interesting with about 4,000 idioms used in the daily communication (Li 1). Similarly, there are also so many idioms in Chinese language. However, because of cultural differences, there exist great differences betwe
14、en English idioms and Chinese idioms. As language learners, they should develop their cultural awareness and have a clear understanding of the cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms in order to achieve success in intercultural communication.II. Literature Review on the Studies of Id
15、iomsIdioms are very useful for communication, e.g. Alexander 1984; Carter & McCarthy 1988; Cooper 1999; Irujo 1986b; Nippold 1991points that: As an integral part of vocabulary learning, idioms constitute one of the most difficult areas of foreign language learning. So both theoretical and empirical
16、foundations for study idiom have emerged (Peter 45). People began to study idioms in early times, after world warwestern linguistics conducted their research on idioms based on three approaches: Formal approaches, Function approaches, Psycholinguistic approaches. Three western linguists Bruce Fraser
17、, Adam Makkai Rosamund moon conducted their research on idioms based on Formal approaches. Formal approaches are effective in describing or characterizing the structure, form and classes of idioms but generally fail to account for the range of lexical patterning. They often underplay the role of lex
18、ical patterning or the motivation underlying the development and usage of idioms (Wang 53). Besides, many scholars made their study from the perspective of Function approaches, and the most understanding ones are: J. strassler (1982), E. Lattey (1986), C. Cacciari & S. Glucksberg (1991, 1993), J. R.
19、 Nattinger (1992). According to Function approaches, idiom use and comprehension is an integral part of everyday communication, and so it should not be surprising to find that it is also an integral part of discourse processing (Wang 62). Over the last few decades, psycholinguistic idiom research ha
20、s been dominated representation and comprehension. These are the Literal Processing Model (Bobrow Bell, 1973), the Simultaneous Processing Model (Swinney & Cutler, 1979), the Idiomatic processing model (Gibbs, 1980), the Configuration Model (Cacciari & Tabossi, 1988), the Idiom Decomposition Model (
21、Gibbs & NaYak, 1989) and the Conceptual Metaphor Model(Gibbs, 1994)(Wang 74).Chinese scholars such as Xiang Guangzhong and Yang Getian have made a great amount of work on idioms ranging from the syntactic and semantic characteristics, origins, to their pragmatic values. Generally speaking, their stu
22、dies have been restricted only to one cultural background and linguistic description of the phenomenon. In Chinese language, one would naturally associate “idiom” with“成语”. In fact, they are not the exact equivalent of each other. Lets see dictionary definitions of the two terms at first. “Chngy or
23、Four-character idioms ( literally “to become part of the language”) are widely used in Classical Chinese, a literary form used in the Chinese written language from antiquity until 1919, and are still commonly used in Vernacular writing today. Classical Chinese can be compared to the way Latin was us
24、ed in the Western world in science until recently. According to the most stringent definition, there are about 5,000 chengyu in Chinese, though some dictionaries list over 20,000. Chengyu are mostly derived from ancient literature. The meaning of a chengyu usually surpasses the sum of the meanings c
25、arried by the four characters, as chengyu are often intimately linked with the myth, story or historical fact from which they were derived. As such, chengyu do not follow the usual grammatical structure and syntax of the modern Chinese spoken language, and are instead highly compact and synthetic”(蒋
26、 25). Websters Third New International Dictionary defines “idiom” as: Idiom is an expression established in the usage of a language that is peculiar to itself either in grammatical construction (as No, it wasnt Me.) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived as a whole from the conjoined meanings
27、 of its elements.To sum up, it can not be denied that those linguists mentioned above contributed greatly to the study of idioms and their writings will have a deep influence on the future scholars studies of this subject. Based on their findings, the author of this paper intends to explore the diff
28、erent cultural connotation between Chinese and English idioms so as to help the communicators reduce pragmatic failures and achieve the goal of successful communication.III. Idioms and CultureA. Definition of idiomsIdioms are the important part of a language. As a language form, idioms has its own c
29、haracteristic and patterns and are used in high frequency whether in written language or oral language because idioms can convey a host of language and cultural information when people chat to each other.What do idioms mean? Different experts have different opinions and definitions to idioms. Some p
30、eople consider idioms as quintessence of a language. Others regard them as treasury of a language. These statements in certain degree reflect the idioms characteristics, but cant be regarded as idioms definition.It is difficult to give a clear definition to idioms. First, people are often confused w
31、ith their scope, content and form. Second, experts have different opinions about how to divide idioms from narrow sense and general sense. What kind of language expression really belongs to idioms? All of these causes bring difficulty to define a idiom. Maybe owing to those causes, the word “ idiom”
32、 even hasnt been collected in such authorities reference books as Modern Chinese Dictionary and Cihai(辞海). However, some English Dictionaries give “idiom” a verity of definitions. For example, Longman Active English-Chinese Dictionary (1990) defines an idiom as “a phrase which means something differ
33、ent from the meanings of the separate words”. The concise Oxford Dictionary (2000) gives such a definition as “a group of words established by usage and having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words”. Longman Dictionary of contemporary English (1998) gives the definitive “a phras
34、e which means something different from them meanings of the separate words from which it is formed”. And Websters New World Dictionary of the American language (2nd college edition, 1972) gives this definition “an accepted phrase, construction, or expression contrary to the patterns of the language
35、having a meaning different from the language or having a different from the literal”.According to different definition mentioned above idiom is a phrase or a group of words approved by people and has unique form. Its meaning is different from the literal. In general sense, the scope of English and C
36、hinese idioms includes, set phrase common sayings, proverbs, idiomatic phrases, slang, a two-part allegorical and allusion and so on.B. Brief introduction of cultureCulture (from the Latin culture stemming from colere, meaning “to cultivate”) generally refers to patterns of human activity and the sy
37、mbolic structures that give such activitys significance and importance. Different definitions of “culture” reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity (Claire 10).There are many meanings of the word “culture”. Sometimes, people say that people wh
38、o know about music, act, and literature are cultured. However, for anthropologist, the word “culture” has a different meaning. To an anthropologist the word “culture” means all the ways that a group of people think, feel, act, and dress. The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English gives such an e
39、xplanation of culture: the customs, beliefs, art, music, and all the other products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a particular time.There is no standard definition of culture. Culture is the way of life of a particular society or group of people, including patterns of thou
40、ght, beliefs, behavior, customs, traditions, rituals, dress, and language, as well as art, music, and literature (Websters New World Encyclopedia, 1992). Culture is a shared pattern of belief, feeling and adaptation, which people carry in their minds (Leighton & Hughes, 1961). Culture is an organize
41、d group of ideas, habits and conditioned responding shared by members of a society (Linton, 1956). Culture is a blueprint for living (Kluckholm, 1944) Based on the different definitions mentioned above, it could clearly be seen that culture is the way people live. It is the clothes people wear, the
42、foods people eat, the languages people speak, the stories people tell, and the ways people celebrate.C. Language and cultureIt is known that language is closely related to culture and can be said as a part of culture. From a dynamic view, language and culture interact with each other and shape each
43、other. Language is the carrier of culture which in turn is the content of language. People can dig out cultural features from language and explain language phenomena with culture.Idioms as a special form of language exist in both of them and carry a large amount of cultural information such as histo
44、ry, geography, and religion, custom, nationality psychology, thought pattern and etc, and therefore are closely related to culture. They are the heritage of history and product of cultural evolvement. Consequently, people can know much about culture through studying idioms and in turn get better und
45、erstanding of idioms by learning the cultural background behind them.For Chinese students, English idioms are a stumbling block. It is very possible that they often not only feel at a loss in understanding conversations because of a key idiom but also misuse idiomIV. Comparative Analysis of Cultural
46、 Implication of Chinese and English IdiomsAs is mentioned above, language is a vehicle of the culture, and it cannot exist without culture its component. Idioms are language structures of stability both in structure and meaning. Rich cultural connotation underlies some idioms, which reveals their na
47、tional characteristics. English and Chinese cultures are totally different. Their origins and development are not the same. Chinese has a close relation with the Chinese culture. Many Chinese idioms can be translated when the Chinese culture expressed by them are uncovered. However, English idioms a
48、re bound up with British and American cultures.A. Differences in regions and geographyRegional culture refers to the culture formed by the different region, living environment, and living condition. Therefore, regional differences have effect on the expression ways of English and Chinese idiomsBritain is an island country, which does not share land border with any other countries except the Republic of Ireland. In history, its navigation industry has ever been the first one for a long time
