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1、,Unit 5Scientific Discoveries,In this unit,you willlearn about the concept“serendipitous discovery”and famous examples;research“Louis Pasteur”,“Alexander Fleming”and“Edward Jenner”on the Internet and find reliable information;learn words,expressions,and sentence patterns related to the theme and use
2、 them in writing and speech;learn strategies such as listening for examples(listening),guessing word meanings from context clues(reading),paraphrasing(discussing),and writing conclusion(writing),etc;give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.,Background Information,Approaching the T
3、opic,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercises,Background Information,about Serendipitous Discovery,Joseph Lister,Alexander Fleming,Howard Florey,Edward Jenner,about Serendipitous Discovery,If a man will begin with certainties he will end with doubts,but if he will be content
4、to begin with doubts he shall end in certainties.Francis BaconIt is choicenot chancethat determines your destiny.John DeweyIt is important for him who wants to discover not to confine himself to one chapter of science,but to keep in touch with various others.Jacques HadamardIn the fields of observat
5、ion chance favors only those minds which are prepared.Louis PasteurChance favors the connected mind.Steven Johnson,Alexander Fleming,Alexander Fleming(6 August 188111 March 1955)was a Scottish biologist,pharmacologist and botanist.He wrote many articles on bacteriology,immunology,and chemotherapy.Hi
6、s best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928,for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.,Joseph Lister,Joseph Lister(5 April 182710 Febru
7、ary 1912),known as Sir Joseph Lister,Bt.,between 1883 and 1897,was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.By applying Louis Pasteurs advances in microbiology,he promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.Lister successfully introduced carbolic ac
8、id(now known as phenol)to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds,which led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients.,Howard Florey,Howard Florey(24 September 189821 February 1968)was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel
9、Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the making of penicillin.Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin,it was Florey who carried out the first ever clinical trials in 1941 of penicillin at the
10、 Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford on the first patient,a Postmaster from Wolvercote near Oxford.Floreys discoveries are estimated to have saved over 82 million lives.Florey is regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest scientists.Sir Robert Menzies,Australias lon
11、gest-serving Prime Minister,said,In terms of world well-being,Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia.,Edward Jenner,Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine,the worlds first vaccine.He is often called the father of immunology,and
12、his work is said to have saved more lives than the work of any other human.,trigger v.to cause(something,such as an alarm)to start functioninge.g.The timer was set to trigger the bomb in exactly one hour.external adj.located,seen,or used on the outside or surface of somethinge.g.Some symptoms are th
13、e external signs of the diseasevolume n.the amount of sound that is produced by a television,radio,stereo,etc.e.g.From his study came the sound of Mahler,playing at full volume.,Approaching the TopicReading 1/Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,crown n.a d
14、ecorative object that is shaped like a circle and worn on the head of a king or queen for special ceremoniese.g.The winner of the beauty pageant walked down the runway wearing her sparkling crown.slip v.to move with a smooth sliding motione.g.He let the ball slip through his grasp and into the net.i
15、nspiration n.something that makes someone want to do something or that gives someone an idea about what to do or create:a force or influence that inspires someonee.g.His paintings take their inspiration from nature.v.inspire,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integ
16、rated Exercise,bump into v.to meet someone that you know when you were not expecting toe.g.I bumped into Jean in town this morning.credit n.recognition by name of a person contributing to a performance(as a film or telecast)e.g.Shes finally getting the credit she deserves.ponder v.to think about or
17、consider(something)carefullye.g.He pondered the question before he answered.stumble v.to hit your foot on something when you are walking or running so that you fall or almost falle.g.He stumbled over to the table.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exerc
18、ise,1)What happened to Archimedes when he realized that he could measure the volume of an irregular object?He slipped into a public bath.2)In which way can we measure the volume of an irregular object?By measuring the volume of the water it displaces.3)Why could scientists make significant discoveri
19、es?They would stop and ponder about the puzzles they stumble upon,recognize their significances,and make effort to pursue the leads to significant discoveries.4)How can you understand Louis Pasteurs remark“Chance favors the prepared mind”?Most accidents that led to discoveries occurred in laboratori
20、es,which were themselves designed for explorations.,Approaching the TopicTask 1,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1)flash2)trigger3)displace4)encounter5)shatter 6)intrigue7)ponder8)vacuum9)exploration10)microbiology,Approaching the TopicTask 2,c.a sudden brilliant under
21、standing,a.put in motion or move to act,h.take the place of,d.a meeting caused by luck or chance,b.break into many pieces,e.cause to be interested or curious,g.reflect deeply on a subject,f.an empty area or space,j.an examination or discussion of something to find out more about it,i.the branch of b
22、iology that studies of microorganisms and their effects on humans,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,E.O.Wilson:Advice to young scientists Scientific pursuit should be motivated by curiosityan interview with Nobel Laureate Sir Harold Kroto,who opened an entirely new bran
23、ch of chemistry.Prof.Kroto,what is your general philosophy on science education?The most important thing for an educator or a parent is to teach children how they can decide what they are being told is actually true.Science deals with fundamental truths.We should be teaching children not to accept a
24、ny information without assessing the evidence very carefully.Teachers must foster a childs ability to decide whether what is being told is true,encourage curiosity about everything,and encourage children to work things out for themselves.,Approaching the TopicTask 4,1,2,3,4,Reading about the Topic,E
25、xploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,How should children or teachers go about checking whether what is told is true or not?I read science research papers very critically and look at the evidence carefully.It is important in a scientific text that one does not disconnect from key issues or simplify
26、 key matters which might be somewhat complex.A scientist is not someone who has done science at university or school or happens to like science and studies it,but someone whose profession is the discovery new knowledge as a researcher.That is,a scientist is someone who looks deeply into the way thin
27、gs work and squeezes blood out of the stone of knowledge and gradually reveals the way the universe works.That is a“scientist”and science is hard work.,Approaching the TopicTask 4,5,6,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,What advice do you have for young people?They should
28、 never do a project half-heartedly.The individual must be prepared to stay up to 3 or 4 a.m.to do the best they can.If they follow this advice,they will probably do work better than anybody else,probably better than people who could do it better naturally but do not because they have not their enthu
29、siasm.You should do something that you cannot stop working on,or is so absorbing that you have completely forgotten to go for lunch.A big danger in young scientists especially in Asia is that they tend to ask me how to get the Nobel Prize.I never even thought about it.Dont do science because you wan
30、t to win prizes or do something just because you think it is important.Do it because it is something that you are curious about or fascinates you personally,independently of what other might think.,Approaching the TopicTask 4,7,8,9,10,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1
31、)What theme do the passage and the speech share?The philosophy of scientific research.2)For the writer and the speaker,how do they make scientific discoveries?Scientific discoveries should be motivated by curiosity and persistent efforts.3)According to the author of the passage and the speech,what i
32、s the most important step to make discoveries?Be prepared to think hard and long about the problems,and look deeply into the way things work.4)Have you ever had your eureka moment in your life?Is it easy or difficult to find it out?5)Do you want to be a scientist,why or why not?,Approaching the Topi
33、cTask 6,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,exploit v.to get value or use from(something)e.g.Top athletes are able to exploit their opponents weaknesses.mould n.a soft green or black substance that grows on food which has been kept too long,and on objects that are in worm
34、,wet aire.g.There was mould on the bathroom ceiling.bacteria n.very small living things related to plants,some of which cause diseasee.g.Bacteria that are not killed entirely by an antibiotic will mutate and become resistant to it.,Reading about the TopicReading 2/Language Points,Approaching the Top
35、ic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,contaminate v.to make(something)dangerous,dirty,or impure by adding something harmful or undesirable to ite.g.Be careful not to allow bacteria to contaminate the wound.n.contaminationincidence n.the number of times something happens or develops:the rate at
36、which something occurse.g.It can be seen that the incidence of accidents decreases as the childrens age increases.mere adj.used to say that something or someone is small,unimportant,etc.e.g.The mere idea of your traveling alone to Europe is ridiculous.adv.merely,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching
37、 the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,differentiate v.to make(someone or something)different in some waye.g.The only thing that differentiates the twins is the color of their eyes.adj.differentantiseptic n.a substance that prevents infection in a wound by killing bacteriae.g.He applied
38、antiseptic to the wound.reagent n.a substance used(as in detecting or measuring a component,in preparing a product,or in developing photographs)because of its chemical or biological activitye.g.Lime is a common neutralizing reagent used in acid water treatment.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching
39、the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,infectious adj.capable of being passed to someone else by germs that enter the bodye.g.She has an infectious grin.n.infectionproperty n.a special quality or characteristic of somethinge.g The two plants have similar physical properties.gratitude n.rt
40、.tud-a feeling of appreciation or thankse.g.Let me express my sincere gratitude for all your help.sensational adj.causing very great excitement or interest with shocking detailse.g.She looked sensational in her new dress.,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated
41、 Exercise,glory n.public praise,honor,and famee.g.He now has only a few trophies to remind him of the glory of his athletic career.adj.gloriousin vain without success or resulte.g.It became obvious that all her complaints were in vain.historical adj.of or relating to historye.g.He strove for histori
42、cal accuracy in the movie.adj.historicreconcile v.to find a way of making(two different ideas,facts,etc.)exist or be true at the same timee.g.It can be difficult to reconcile your ideals with reality.n.reconciliation,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exer
43、cise,biochemist n.the chemistry of living thingse.g.She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.pathologist n.a doctor who specializes in pathology;especially:a doctor who examines bodies to find out the cause of deathe.g.So,that pathologist is just like looking at this plastic bottle.
44、vital adj.extremely importante.g.The sciences are a vital part of the school curriculum.capability n.the ability to do somethinge.g.The device has the capability of recording two television channels at once.adj.capable,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Ex
45、ercise,domain n.the land that a ruler or a government controlse.g.My sister is the math expert in the family,but literature is my domain.collaborator n.someone who works with another person or group in order to achieve or do somethinge.g.A far better approach is to use an outsider as a collaborator.
46、v.collaborate,Reading 2,Language Points,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Reading 2,Text Analysis,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1)Whats the main idea of the article?The article mainly tells us that the discovery of penicillin needs a prepar
47、ed and open mind,and also relevant knowledge is essential for scientific investigation.2)When is an antibacterial substance effective?Only when bacterial colonies are quite young.3)How many scientists are associated with the discovery of penicillin?At least four.,Reading about the TopicTask 3,Approa
48、ching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,4)When the 1945 Nobel Prize for penicillin was awarded,among whom was it equally divided?Among Chain,Fleming,and Florey.5)According to Chain,why did not Fleming perform the simple experiment of injecting penicillin into infected mice to test it
49、s medical property?Because he did not think it was worth while trying.,Reading about the TopicTask 3,Approaching the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Set 1(from Para.A to F)1)exploit(A)2)extract(B)3)grace(C)4)substance(C)5)cultivate(D)6)potential(E)7)reign(E)8)incite(F),Reading about th
50、e TopicTask 4,f.to use something fully and effectively in order to gain an advantage or profit,d.to draw or pull out,h.to give honor to,to make something bright,a.to help the growth of,e.possibility of being developed or used,g.particular type of matter,c.a period of ruling,b.to cause,Approaching th
