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1、Unit 6,Fraud and Academic Dishonesty,In this unit,you willlearn about the concepts“academic integrity”and“academic dishonesty”;research“Dr.Hwang Woo Suk”on the Internet and find reliable information;learn words,expressions,and sentence patterns related to the theme and use them in writing and speech
2、;learn strategies such as listening for emphasis(listening),guessing word meanings from lexical clues(reading),giving evidence for arguments(discussing),and achieving coherence(writing),etc;give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.,Background Information,Approaching the Topic,Read
3、ing about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercises,Background Information,about Academic Integrity,the Healthpartners Research Foundation,Hwang Woo Suk,the Committee on Publication Ethics,Science,Nature,about Academic Integrity,Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless,and knowledge
4、without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.Samuel JohnsonThe function of education,therefore,is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically.But education which stops with efficiency may prove the greatest menace to society.The most dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with reason,
5、but with no morals We must remember that intelligence is not enough.Intelligence plus characterthat is the goal of true education.Martin Luther King,Jr.,Hwang Woo Suk is a South Korean veterinarian and researcher.He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University(dis
6、missed on March 20,2006)who became infamous for fabricating a series of experiments,which appeared in high-profile journals,in the field of stem cell research.Until November 2005,he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field,best known for two articles published in the journal Science
7、 in 2004 and 2005 where he reported to have succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning.He was called the Pride of Korea in South Korea.On May 12,2006,Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked.The K
8、orea Times reported on June 10,2007,that Seoul National University fired him,and the South Korean government canceled his financial support and barred him from engaging in stem cell research.,Hwang Woo Suk,HealthPartners is an integrated,nonprofit health care provider located in Bloomington,Minnesot
9、a offering care,coverage,research and education to its members,patients and the community.HealthPartners was founded in 1957 as Group Health,a consumer-governed nonprofit health plan with a board of directors made up of its own members and patients.In 1992,Group Health merged with MedCenters Health
10、Plan,and together they formed HealthPartners.In late 2012 it was announced that HealthPartners would merge with Park Nicollet Health Services of St.Louis Park on January 1,2013 following federal approval,the Healthpartners Research Foundation,Science,also widely referred to as Science Magazine,is th
11、e academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS)and is one of the worlds top scientific journals.The peer-reviewed journal,first published in 1880,is circulated weekly and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000.Because institutional subscriptions and online
12、access serve a larger audience,its estimated readership is 570,400 people.The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews,but Science also publishes science-related news,opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists an
13、d others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology.Unlike most scientific journals,which focus on a specific field,Science and its rival Nature cover the full range of scientific disciplines.According to the Journal Citation Reports,Sciences 2012 impact factor was 31.027
14、.,Science,Nature is a prominent interdisciplinary scientific journal.It was first published on 4 November 1869.It was ranked the worlds most cited by the Science Edition of the 2010 Journal Citation Reports and is widely regarded as one of the few remaining academic journals that publish original re
15、search across a wide range of scientific fields.Nature claims a readership of about 424,000 total readers.The journal has a circulation of around 53,000 but studies have concluded that on average a single copy is shared by as many as 8 people.,Nature,Research scientists are the primary audience for
16、the journal,but summaries and accompanying articles are intended to make many of the most important papers understandable to scientists in other fields and the educated general public.Towards the front of each issue are editorials,news and feature articles on issues of general interest to scientists
17、,including current affairs,science funding,business,scientific ethics and research breakthroughs.There are also sections on books and arts.The remainder of the journal consists mostly of research papers(articles or letters),which are often dense and highly technical.Because of strict limits on the l
18、ength of papers,often the printed text is actually a summary of the work in question with many details relegated to accompanying supplementary material on the journals website.,Nature,The Committee on Publication Ethics(COPE)is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to define best practice in the
19、 ethics of scholarly publishing and to assist editors,publishers,etc.to achieve this.COPE provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and,in particular,how to handle cases of research and publication misconduct.It also provides a forum for its members to discuss in
20、dividual cases(meeting four times a year virtually and at other meetings around the world).COPE does not investigate individual cases but encourages editors to ensure that cases are investigated by the appropriate authorities(usually a research institution or employer).COPE also offers and eLearning
21、 course,funds research on publication ethics,publishes a monthly eNewsletter(COPE Digest:Publication Ethics in Practice)and organises annual seminars around the world.,the Committee on Publication Ethics,retract v.to pull(something)back into something larger that usually covers ite.g.The pilot retra
22、cted the planes landing gear.n.retractionimpact n.the act or force of one thing hitting anothere.g.These warnings have been heard so often that they have lost their impact.resignation n.an act of giving up a job or position in a formal or official waye.g.The manager received resignations from three
23、members of the staff.v.resign,Approaching the TopicReading 1/Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,detrimental adj.causing damage or injurye.g.There were serious concerns that the factorys waste was detrimental to the local environment.taint v.to make(someth
24、ing)dangerous or dirty especially by adding something harmful or undesirable to ite.g.Criticism of her sisters singing that was tainted by envy.bottleneck n.a section of road or highway where the traffic moves very slowlye.g.Bridge construction has created a bottleneck on the southern part of Main S
25、treet.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,fabricate v.to create or make up(something,such as a story)in order to trick peoplee.g.Their plan is to fabricate the house out of synthetic materials.fraud n.the crime of using dishonest methods to take
26、 something valuable from another persone.g.He was found guilty of bank fraud.modify v.to change some parts of(something)while not changing other partse.g.We can help you modify an existing home or build a new one.n.modification,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,In
27、tegrated Exercise,cherry-picking n.to pick or accept the best people or things in a groupe.g.Hollywoods biggest stars can cherry-pick the best projects and directors.selectively adv.carefully choose only the best people or thingse.g.The advertisement selectively targets men between the ages of 18 an
28、d 24.v.selectacquisition n.something or someone acquired or gainede.g.The big companys newest acquisition is a small chain of clothing stores.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,admittedly adv.as has been or must be admittede.g.Admittedly,I shou
29、ld not have lost my temper like that.v.admitconstraint n.something that limits or restricts someone or somethinge.g.Lack of funding has been a major constraint on the buildings design.v.constrainmolecular adj.of or relating to individual or small componentse.g.She studied molecular biology in colleg
30、e.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,narrative n.a story that is told or writtene.g.He is writing a detailed narrative of his life on the island.v.narratestraddle v.to sit or ride with a leg on either side of(something)e.g.The movie straddles t
31、oo many genres.sloppy adj.not careful or neat:showing a lack of care,attention,or efforte.g.Your work has been very sloppy lately.erroneous adj.not correcte.g.A news article about the new virus that was filled with much erroneous information.,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Explori
32、ng the Topic,Integrated Exercise,discernible adj.to detect with the eyese.g.Her face was barely discernible in the gloom.v.discernintent n.the thing that you plan to do or achieve:an aim or purposee.g.She thinks Im trying to make things difficult for her,but thats not my intent.deficiency n.a lack o
33、f something that is needed:the state of not having enough of something necessarye.g.The books major deficiency is its poor plot.adj.deficient,Reading 1,Language Points,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1)Why have so many papers been retracted from high impact journals?B
34、ecause the pressure of an increasingly competitive research environment can lead to scientific misconduct.2)Why should we combat scientific misconduct?Because misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways.,Approaching the TopicTask 1,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integr
35、ated Exercise,3)What does the meta-analysis published in 2009 covering 18 fraud surveys imply?It suggests that scientific misconduct may be more common than we suspect.4)In what situation are deficiencies resulting from poor experimental design and inadequately controlled or statistically questionab
36、le experiments considered misconduct?If there is discernible intent to deceive.,Approaching the TopicTask 1,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1)misconduct2)retract3)detrimental4)taint5)fraudulent6)fabricate7)cherry-picking8)coverage,Approaching the TopicTask 2,e.unaccep
37、table or bad behaviour by someone in a position of authority or responsibility,h.take back an offer or statement,etc.or admit that a statement was false,m.causing harm or damage,k.affect with a bad or undesirable quality,n.dishonest and illegal,i.invent or produce something false in order to deceive
38、,b.selectively choosing(the most beneficial or profitable items,opportunities,etc.)from what is available,a.the reporting of a particular important event or subject,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,9)set-up10)constraint11)massaging12)straddle13)sloppy14)discernible15)d
39、eficiency,Approaching the TopicTask 2,o.the way in which things are organized or arranged,l.state of not having,or not having enough,of something that is needed,c.manipulating(facts or figures)to give a more acceptable result,f.to stretch across something or exist on both sides of something,d.not do
40、ne carefully or thoroughly,g.perceptible,j.weakness or imperfection,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,_(1)The cloning researcher Woo-Suk Hwang was accused of three offences today,12 May._(2)The Seoul Central District prosecutors office in South Korea charged Woo-Suk Hwa
41、ng with secretly taking KRW 2.8 billion and using the funds to purchase a car for himself and gifts for family members._(3)Five other researchers on Hwangs team were also charged with various offences.,Approaching the TopicTask 4,False,False,True,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrate
42、d Exercise,A German university has withdrawn the doctoral degree of the former Bell Labs scientist who claimed a series of research breakthroughs,then was fired two years ago when it was discovered that he had manipulated data and fabricated results.The physicist,J.Hendrik Schn,33,did not commit an
43、academic offence in his doctoral research at the University of Konstanz,an investigation there found last year.But on Friday,the university said it had a legal right to withdraw a degree when the recipient behaved“unworthily”of it.“That was interpreted here in the context of science,”said Dr.Wolfgan
44、g Dieterich,chairman of the physics department at Konstanz.,Approaching the TopicTask 5,1,2,3,4,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Mr.Schn,a research scientist at Bell Labs,Lucent Technologies research arm in Murray Hill,N.J.,was an author or co-author of more than 70 sc
45、ientific papers on an array of supposed discoveries,like new superconductors and tiny,molecular-scale transistors.The transistors appeared particularly exciting because they seemed to work the same way current silicon transistors do,suggesting that the technology could be straightforwardly transferr
46、ed to computer chips.Others were unable to reproduce any of the findings.Then,in May 2002,outside scientists discovered nearly identical graphs in several of Mr.Schns papers,even though they supposedly represented different data from different experiments.Four months later,an investigatory panel led
47、 by Dr.Malcolm R.Beasley,a professor of applied physics at Stanford,found that Mr.Schn had manipulated or fabricated data in 17 papers.Bell Labs fired Mr.Schn and the published papers were withdrawn.,Approaching the TopicTask 5,5,6,7,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,Mr
48、.Schn apologized for mistakes but insisted that the findings were real.Soon after he was fired,Konstanz assembled a committee to examine Mr.Schns thesis research on solar cells.Dr.Dieterich,who was not part of that investigation,said the committee found instances of mislabeled graphs and“some smooth
49、ing of data,which was not explained.”But Dr.Dieterich said,“One could not draw the conclusion that intentionally things have been presented in a wrong way,”and the committee did not accuse Mr.Schn of misconduct.The Konstanz physics department then began its review.It asked Mr.Schn to participate,but
50、 the only reply was a letter from his lawyer,Dr.Dieterich said,adding that he would not say what was in the letter.,Approaching the TopicTask 5,8,9,10,Reading about the Topic,Exploring the Topic,Integrated Exercise,1)What do the passage and news share?Academic dishonesty.2)Dr.Hwangs team claimed to
