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1、山东科技大学跨文化交际课文重点整理Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global Context Text A Intercultural Communication in a Global Society Objectives By the end of this lesson, you will be able to know that 1) the society we are living in becomes more complex, diverse, divisive and global; 2) competition occu
2、rs at different social levels; 3) Americans, as well as other nations, are facing increasing communication across cultures both domestically and internationally; 4) what intercultural is, and what multicultural is; 5) the impacts of cultural differences on people; 6) what intercultural communication
3、 is and why we should learn it. Part I: para.1-5 introduction of why to learn IC Para.1-2 We live in an increasingly complex, diverse, divisive, and global society. para.1 entertainment media filled with the spirit of competition para.2 news media bombarded us with political issues highlight competi
4、tion and conflict in the political system Para.3-4 conflict within our nation para.3 political sophistication and polorization within our nation para.4 Reasons (1)differing opinions about the role we should play in world affairs. (2)why it is important to study international relationship in associat
5、ion with IC. Para. 5 Americans are faced with challenges related to communication across cultures both domestically and internationally. Part II: para.6-9 definitions of multicultural and intercultural Para. 6 what is multicultural and what is intercultural? multicultural refers to nations that have
6、 diverse cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration, while intercultural refers to the diversity among separate nations. Para. 7-8 what is multiculturalism and its implementation multiculturalism refers to the view that immigrants should preserve their cultures and that all the different cu
7、ltures within a state should interact peacefully; all cultural groups should be treated with respect as equals. Para. 7-8 what is multiculturalism and its implementation E.g. the U.S: from a melting pot to a salad bowl Canada: dual citizenship Australia: Special Broadcasting Service Para. 9 applicat
8、ion of intercultural Part III: para.10 the impacts of cultural differences Cultural differences have the potential to lead to misunderstanding, miscommunication, dispute, and even conflict. Sometimes diverse cultural groups within a nation will come into conflict with one another cultural difference
9、s can also open up opportunities for collaboration, cooperation, and learning. Part IV: para.11-12 intercultural communication and its development Communication is a symbolic process by which people shared meanings. Intercultural communication occurs when people creating shared meanings have differe
10、nt cultural perspectives and values. Typically, it is the differing world views of members of different cultures that make intercultural communication challenging. Intercultural communication may occur between individuals; it occurs when you travel abroad and talk with someone in a culture that is d
11、ifferent from your own. Intercultural communication may also occur between groups of people or within nations Part V: para. 13 different perspectives on studying IC 1)International studies: the role of communication in soft power is essential to maintaining peace in a region. 2)Political science: in
12、ternational relations is directly concerned with the role of intercultural communication in the political relations among nations. 3)Psychology. 4)Linguistics 5)Sociology: intercultural communication as one of many social factors. 6)Anthropology 7)Comparative literature 8)Education: preparing studen
13、ts to function in a global society and with multicultural issues in the classroom. 9)Technical communication: preparation of documentation that can meet the needs of diverse audiences internationally and on the use of communication technologies across cultures and history. Unit 2 Understandings of C
14、ulture and Communication Background information Characteristics of culture Learned, Unconscious, Subject to change, Transmitted, Symbolic, Integrated, Adaptive 1) Culture is learned consciously or unconsciously:(enculturation) *through Proverbs, Folktales, Myths, and legends *through Art e.g. Beijin
15、g Opera *through Mass Media 2) Most part of culture is unconscious Culture is an iceberg Explicit: Way of doing things(10%) Behaviour, Traditions, Artefacts buildings, clothes, art etc. Tacit: Way of thinking(90%) Beliefs, Attitudes, Perceptions, Values 3) Culture is subject to change 4) Culture is
16、transmitted from generation to generation 5) Culture is based on symbols 6) Culture is integrated 7) Culture is adaptive (acculturation) Text A: The Concept of Culture Objectives of the lesson 1. to know that people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings
17、even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly 2. to learn that there is no agreement among anthropologists and scholars regarding the nature of culture 3. to find out what is culture in anthropologists view and what cultures means in nonscientific usage 4. to tell w
18、hat concept people share on culture 5. to distinguish ones cultural identity Part I (para1-2): what is culture in anthropologists view Anthropology: the scientific study of people, society, and culture. 1. Although the term culture is used by most of the social sciences today, over the years it has
19、received its most precise and thorough definition from the discipline of anthropology. 2. In nonscientific usage, the term culture refers to personal refinements such as classical music, the fine arts, world philosophy, and gourmet cuisine. 3. All people have culture, according to the anthropologica
20、l definition. The stralian aborigines, living with a bare minimum of technology, are as much cultural animals as Yo-Yo Ma and Baryshnikov. Thus, for the anthropologist, projectile points, creation myths, and mud huts are as legitimate items of culture as a Beethoven symphony, a Warhol painting, and
21、a Sondheim musical. Part II (para 3-5): some definitions of culture which say essentially the same thing and the components of culture are intimately connected. 1. In fact, in the often-cited work by Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, more than 160 different definitions of culture were identified.
22、This should not lead to the conclusion that anthropology is a chaotic battleground where no consensus exists among practicing anthropologists. 2. Some definitions: 1) According to Tylor, culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabili
23、ties and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. 2) More recently, culture has been defined as “a mental map which guides us in our relations to our surroundings and to other people” 3) Perhaps most succinctly as “the way of life of a people”. 4) We will define the concept of culture as “eve
24、rything that people have, think, and do as members of a society.” 3. Although we classify these components of culture, we should not conclude that they are unrelated. In fact, the components are so intimately connected that it is frequently hard to separate them in real life. 4. the cultural process
25、 of writing involves an intimate knowledge of the three fundamental components of culture: things or artifacts, ideas and knowledge, and patterns of behavior. Part III (para 6-7): the symbolic function of culture 1. Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of culture, and what makes humans unique in the
26、animal world, is the capacity to symbolize. 2. it is true that all human behavior begins with the use of symbols. 3. As Leslie White stated so eloquently, the ability to symbolize is the single most important hallmark of humanity. 4. It is the shared meaning of our symbols that enables us to interac
27、t with one another with the least amount of ambiguity and misunderstanding. Part IV (para8-10): some misunderstandings about culture 1. In everyday terminology, the term race often is used as a synonym for culture. But anthropologists consider these to be two very different concepts. A race refers t
28、o an interbreeding population whose members share a number of important physical traits with one another, such as blood types, eye color and shape, skin color, and hair texture, to mention just a few. By way of contrast, culture refers to our non-biological and non-genetic characteristics. 2. Anothe
29、r popular misunderstanding involves the confusion between culture and civilization. the concepts of civilization and culture are not interchangeable. While all civilizations are cultures, not all cultures are civilizations. Part V (para11-12): Further explanations on definitions of culture 1. The la
30、st phrase in our working definition as members of a society should remind us that culture is a shared phenomenon. For a thing, idea, or behavior pattern to qualify as being cultural, it must have a meaning shared by most people in a society. It is this shared nature of culture that makes our lives l
31、ess complicated. Because people share a common culture, they are able to predict, within limits, how others will think and behave. 2. In fact, the uncertainty one experiences when trying to operate in an unfamiliar culture often leads to Culture Shock, a form of psychological distress that can resul
32、t in depression, overeating, or irritability. 3. Culture is not transmitted genetically. Rather, it is acquired through the process of learning or interacting with ones cultural environment. This process of acquiring culture after we are born is called enculturation. We acquire our culture (ideas, v
33、alues and behavior patterns) by growing up in it. 4. When an infant is born, he or she enters a cultural environment in which many solutions already exist to the universal problems facing all human populations. The child merely needs to learn or internalize those solutions in order to make a reasona
34、ble adjustment to his or her surroundings. Unit 3 Cultural Diversity in Customs and Perspectives Text B Cultural Perspectives Culture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms Beliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false. Values involv
35、e what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel. Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one anothe
36、r and of others. Cultural differences are evident in various ways in which people conduct their everyday activities, as people “perform” their culture in their behavioral routines. Part I (para1-3): Differences in child-rearing practices 1. Comparison between French and American child-rearing. Frenc
37、h: human people are both good and evil, need the guiding hand American: human are good, children find their own way, learn from mistakes and trust what they do. 2. These two ways reflect the different Cultural Perspectives about human nature. Basically Evil: Expect to find evil and fight against it;
38、 Punish bad behavior; Save people from their evil nature, guiding hand, education. Basically Good: Protect peoples virtue; Reward good behavior; Find the most virtuous people, learn from ones mistake, trust what they do. Mixture of Good and Evil: Separate good from evil; Identify strengths and weakn
39、esses; Reward the good in people and punish the bad. Part II (Para4-9): Definition and Classification of Perspectives Para 4-6 definition of perspectives & example of illustration 1.What is cultural perspective? Culture can be presented as a combination of perceptions, values, beliefs and attitude.
40、They are the explicit and implicit meanings shared by the members of a group. They explain why the people of a particular culture do things in the way they do. 1) Explicit: it is clearly shown in oral or written form sayings, proverbs 2) Tangible: Perspectives can be tangible. 3) Implicit：tacit 2. A
41、 Cultural Perspective of American Dream Belief: anyone can achieve fame and fortune in the United States through hard work, self-reliance, and sacrifice. values: equality, individualism, achievement, competition, and materialism. Cultural Perception: derive from that people possess free will and can
42、 control their destinies and the environment, and that the future is more important than the past. Attitude: competitiveness, ambition, determination, self-centeredness, and resilience follow. many practices: that reflect the pursuit of the American Dream, including establishing certain relationship
43、s, developing a career, and acquiring wealth, status, or respect. Products: accumulate with such practices like possessions, goods, capital, status, and recognition. 3. Orientation between Chinese values and Western values Human Nature: Basically Good/Mixture of Good and Evil Relationship of Humanki
44、nd to Nature: People in Harmony with Nature/People the Master of Nature Sense of Time: Past Oriented/Future Oriented Activity: Being/Doing Social Relationships : Authoritarian, Group Oriented /Individualistic Para 7-9 explicit & implicit perspectives Many explicit perspectives are found in the histo
45、ry of a culture and in social and cultural studies and commentaries. U.S. history books are filled with stories of “self-made men”, “rugged individualists” who “pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps”, “left their pasts behind”, and went from “rags to riches” to attain the American Dream, ”pro
46、ving”, in effect, that “God helps those who help themselves.” (Depending on the Americans you talk to, this perspective may be seen as myth or reality.) Perspectives are thus explicit, but at the same time they can be tacit or outside awareness. The maxim “If you want to know about water, dont ask a
47、 fish,” often used in intercultural circles, makes this point. Even though most cultural perspectives are tacit, they can be brought to the surface and made explicit, as anthropologists, among others, have demonstrated. it is questionable whether all tacit perspectives can in fact be surfaced. Some
48、(or many, who knows) remain imprinted in the depths of our reptilian and mammalian brains, beyond the reach of language. Part III (Para10-12): How are Perspectives expressed in cultural studies. Perspectives are expressed as “feelings”, “time” & “worldviews”. At the most explicit level, perspectives
49、 are expressed most often as feelings that are associated with attitudes, revealed in the words or deeds of practices. For the most part, these feelings are either positive or negative. How does the issue of punctuality illustrate the explicit and tacit nature of perspectives?( If two persons have different perspectiv
