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1、英美文学课件英国浪漫主义时期Chapter 3: The Romantic Period 考核要求: 1.识记：浪漫主义时期的界定和历史文化背景 2.领会：浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响以及浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。 3.应用：名词解释浪漫主义以及浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析 1. Historical background: Internationally, The French Revolutions: -the great event, arouse great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English liberals and Conse
2、rvatives, they all declared Liberty, Equality and Fraternity Rousseau-the great French Philosopher. Influence by Rousseau, the writers began to explore the new ideas about Nature, Society and Education These paved the way for the development of Romanticism in the literature internationally Nationall
3、y, Industrial revolution (Industrialization, Further capitalization and Urbanization) The survival of fittest (the sharper contradiction between capitalists and the labors) These are the national basis of the production of Romanticism 2. Literature background: The early works with Romantic tendency
4、are following: Thomas Paines The Declaration of Rights of Man claiming Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Edmund Burke published his Reflections on the Revolution in France. William Godwins Inquiry Concerning Political Justice. Against the injustice, economic system and the oppression of the poor. Ma
5、ry Wollstonecraft urged the equal rights for women in her A Vindication(辩护) of the Right of Woman. 3. The definition, duration and characteristics of the Romanticism: The definition: The Romantic Movement, which associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas, is simply the expression
6、 of life as seen by the imagination rather than by prosaic common sense. The contrast between Romanticism and Neoclassicism: Romanticism: associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas Neoclassicism: associated with order, common sense and controlled reason Duration: Beginning time:
7、1798 marked by the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge Ending time: 1832 marked by the death of Scott and the passage of the first Reform Bill Which of the following poems is a landmark in English poetry? (0704) A. Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleri
8、dge B. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth C. “Remorse”by Samuel Taylor Coleridge D. Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman A (P157. para.1) 所谓landmark，是指在英国文学史上具有划时代意义的作品。 Lyrical Ballads 的出版标志着英国文学的浪漫主义时期的开始，所以答案是A Characteristics: The spontaneous overflow(自然流露的) of powerful feeling The cre
9、ation of a world of imagination The return to nature for materials Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the common place Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius A sense of melancholy and loneliness of the character The rebellious spirits of the author The major achievements are po
10、etry 4. The viewpoints of Romanticists on society and literature: Socially: Romanticist saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state The Romanticist emphasized the special qualities of each individuals mind The Romanticists changed the direction from attention to the outer world of soc
11、ial civilization to the inner world of the human spirits On Literature: In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience It also place individual at the center of the art Make the literature most valuable
12、 as an expression of his or her unique feeling and particular attitudes Value its accuracy in portraying the individuals experiences 5. The development of Romanticism and its principles: The development In this period, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and
13、Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Major Representatives of this movement: Wordsworth and Coleridge The principles General principl
14、es: They saw poetry as a healing energy They believe that poetry could purify both individual soul and society They explored the new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry: a. Poetry should be free from all rules in forms b. Humble people and the common everyday life should be describe in s
15、ubject c. Employ the commonplace, the natural and the simple as the poetic materials d. Seek for the Absolute e. Bold experiments in poetic language, versification and design Wordsworth: Call for simple themes drawn from humble life The poet as a “man speaking to men”, Poetry as “the spontaneous ove
16、rflow of powerful feelings” Coleridge: Imagination is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. Regard the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration as something crucial for true poetry Nature is the major source of poetic imagery and nature is a dominant subject 6. Main rep
17、resentatives: Main representativespoets: Pre-Romanticism: (Blake and Burns) The first generation: (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey) The younger generation: (Byron, Shelley and Keats) Main representativesnovelists Jane Austen - love and marriage Walter Scott - main works (book) human nature Gothic
18、novelists Ann Radcliffe and Mary Shelley Gothic novel: It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic Movement Its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the readers emotion. With its descripti
19、ons of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance The typical authors during this period
20、考核要求: 1. 识记：浪漫主义时期的重要作家，代表作品及其主要内容。 2. 领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。 3.应用： a.浪漫派诗歌的主题，意象分析 b.小说傲慢与偏见的主题和主要人物的性格分析。 考点串讲: .William Blake 1Introduction: English poet, artist, & philosopher, born in London England, Nov 28, 1757, and died in London, Aug 12,1827. Blake made distinguished
21、contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity. As an artist he is best known for hi
22、s engravings, which are among the masterpieces of graphic art. 2. Viewpoints on politics and religion: Blake never tried to fit into the world; he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals. Blake strongly criticiz
23、ed the capitalists cruel exploitation, saying that the dark satanic mills left men unemployed, killed children & forced prostitution. Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution, & regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblic
24、al prophets(圣经) 3. Viewpoint on literature: The first important Romantic poet, Showing contempt for the rule of reason Opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century Treasuring the individuals imagination. 4. Main works: Early works: Poetical Sketches诗学札记 - A collection of youthful verse. Joy,
25、 laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing note and hint his later innovative style and theme Masterpieces Songs of Innocence天真之歌 Songs of Experience经验之歌 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻 The similarities and differences between two volumes: Generally: Hold the similar subject-matter The c
26、hildhood is the central to his concern The tone, emphasis and conclusion differ Specifically: Infant Joy against Infant Sorrow Lamb against Tyger Chimney Sweeperagainst Chimney Sweeper Similarity: to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance and an ideological circumstance socially. Diffe
27、rence: the former indicates the condition which makes religion a consolation, a prospect of illusory happiness The later reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children Later works - reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the p
28、oet himself as the spokesman of revolt(反抗). The Book of Urizen The Book of Los The Four Zoas Milton William Blakes central concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experiences_, which gives the two books a strong social and historical reference. (0804) A. youth hood B. childhood C. happiness D
29、. Sorrow B (P169. para2) 布莱克的两部诗集中的作品，大多涉及儿童的生活和经历，如扫烟囱的小男孩，小羊羔等。 5. Language styles: he write his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism
30、 in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry. 6. Selected reading: Selected reading I “The Chimney Sweeper” from Songs of Innocence In the 18th century, small boys sometimes no more than 4 or 5 years old were employed to climb up the narrow chimney flues & clean them, collecting the so
31、ot in bags. Such boys, sometimes sold to the master sweepers by their parents were miserably treated by their master & often suffered disease & physical deformity. This poem, in fact, is a protest against the harm that society does to its children by exploiting them for labor of this kind, The poem
32、was written in the childs-eye point of view, & the dramatic irony (what the speaker says in the poem is different from what the poet means) arises from the poets knowing more or seeing more than the child does. Selected reading II “The Chimney Sweeper” from Songs of Experience Songs of Experience pa
33、ints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war & repression with a melancholy tone, The benighted England becomes the world of dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The poem selected here reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. The poem also
34、 reveals the relation between economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor & an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. Selected reading III “Tyger” from Songs of Experience The Tyger, included in Songs of Experience, is o
35、ne of Blakes best-known poems. It seemingly praises the great power of tiger, but what the tiger symbolizes remains disputable: the power of man? Or the revolutionary force? Or the evil? Or as it is usually interpreted, the Almighty Maker who created both the meek & gentle lamb & the terrible & awes
36、ome tiger? The poem is highly symbolic with a touch of mysticism & it is open to various interpretations. The poem contains six quatrains in rhyming couplets & its language is terse & forceful with an anvil rhythm. . William Wordsworth 1. Introduction: William Wordsworth, known as “the Lake Poets” t
37、ogether with Coleridge and Southey, is the leading figure of the English Romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period He is the voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally The most important contribut
38、ion he has made is that he has not only started modern poetry, the poetry of growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature 2. Types of his poem according to his poetic outlook: According to the subjects
39、, Wordsworths short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life. Poems about nature: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, & one that takes us to the core of Wordsworths poetic beliefs An Evening Walk My H
40、eart Leaps up Tintern Abbey - remains a profoundly original & imaginative achievement; the valley of the Wye itself, the quiet center of the returning wanderers thoughts, is described with a detail that conveys a sense of natural order at once vivid & eternal Nature outlook: Wordsworth is regarded a
41、s a “worshipper of nature. He can penetrate to the heart of things & give the reader the very life of nature. To Wordsworth, nature act as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances It is nature that gives him
42、 strength & knowledge full of peace. Poems about human life: The Thorn The Sailors Mother The Affliction of Margaret The Old Cumberland Beggar The old man in the poem, is seen as precious for his unique self and the benevolence he evoke s in the small rural community Michael Suggests the grave and t
43、ender dignity of the authors meditation on man, the heart of man, and human life Lucy Poem Is the verse of love and loss which hold within its delicate simplicity a meditation on time and death which rises to universal stature The Idiot Boy The irrational mind sees more deeply into the nature of lif
44、e than the commonsensical The Solitary Reaper To a Highland Girl Use rural figure to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty The Ruined Cottage Rouse the tender, quiet compassion of those who are at one with the timeless truth of existence In his daring use of subje
45、ct matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “resolution and independence” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads Human life outlook: Common life is Wordsworths only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common peop
46、le are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor. 3. Creative principles: Wordsworths deliberate simplicity & refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure & profound poetry which no other poets has ever equaled poetry. His premise was that the source of poetic
47、 truth is the direct experience of the sense He asserts poetry originates from emotion recollected in tranquility. Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form & intellectual approach that drained poetic writing of strong emotion, He maintains that the scenes & events of everyday life & the speech of ordinary people are the raw material of which poetry can & should be made. 4. Selected reading: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, & one that takes us to the
