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1、Wuthering Heights 英文介绍及赏析呼啸山庄 WUTHERING HEIGHTS, which has long been one of the most popular and highly regarded novels in English literature, seemed to hold little promise when it was published in 1847, selling very poorly and receiving only a few mixed reviews. Victorian readers found the book sho
2、cking and inappropriate in its depiction of passionate, ungoverned love and cruelty (despite the fact that the novel portrays no sex or bloodshed), and the work was virtually ignored. Even Emily Bronts sister Charlottean author whose works contained similar motifs of Gothic love and desolate landsca
3、pesremained ambivalent toward the unapologetic intensity of her sisters novel. In a preface to the book, which she wrote shortly after Emily Bronts death, Charlotte Bront stated, Whether it is right or advisable to create beings like Heathcliff, I do not know. I scarcely think it is. Emily Bront liv
4、ed an eccentric, closely guarded life. She was born in 1818, two years after Charlotte and a year and a half before her sister Anne, who also became an author. Her father worked as a church rector, and her aunt, who raised the Bront children after their mother died, was deeply religious. Emily Bront
5、 did not take to her aunts Christian fervor; the character of Joseph, a caricature of an evangelical, may have been inspired by her aunts religiosity. The Bronts lived in Haworth, a Yorkshire village in the midst of the moors. These wild, desolate expanseslater the setting of Wuthering Heightsmade u
6、p the Bronts daily environment, and Emily lived among them her entire life. She died in 1848, at the age of thirty. As witnessed by their extraordinary literary accomplishments, the Bront children were a highly creative group, writing stories, plays, and poems for their own amusement. Largely left t
7、o their own devices, the children created imaginary worlds in which to play. Yet the sisters knew that the outside world would not respond favorably to their creative expression; female authors were often treated less seriously than their male counterparts in the nineteenth century. Thus the Bront s
8、isters thought it best to publish their adult works under assumed names. Charlotte wrote as Currer Bell, Emily as Ellis Bell, and Anne as Acton Bell. Their real identities remained secret until after Emily and Anne had died, when Charlotte at last revealed the truth of their novels authorship. Today
9、, Wuthering Heights has a secure position in the canon of world literature, and Emily Bront is revered as one of the finest writersmale or femaleof the nineteenth century. Like Charlotte Bronts Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights is based partly on the Gothic tradition of the late eighteenth century, a sty
10、le of literature that featured supernatural encounters, crumbling ruins, moonless nights, and grotesque imagery, seeking to create effects of mystery and fear. But Wuthering Heights transcends its genre in its sophisticated observation and artistic subtlety. The novel has been studied, analyzed, dis
11、sected, and discussed from every imaginable critical perspective, yet it remains unexhausted. And while the novels symbolism, themes, structure, and language may all spark fertile exploration, the bulk of its popularity may rest on its unforgettable characters. As a shattering presentation of the do
12、omed love affair between the fiercely passionate Catherine and Heathcliff, it remains one of the most haunting love stories in all of literature. Plot Overview IN THE LATE WINTER MONTHS OF 1801, a man named Lockwood rents a manor house called Thrushcross Grange in the isolated moor country of Englan
13、d. Here, he meets his dour landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man who lives in the ancient manor of Wuthering Heights, four miles away from the Grange. In this wild, stormy countryside, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathcliff and the strange denizens of Wuthering
14、Heights. Nelly consents, and Lockwood writes down his recollections of her tale in his diary; these written recollections form the main part of Wuthering Heights. Nelly remembers her childhood. As a young girl, she works as a servant at Wuthering Heights for the owner of the manor, Mr. Earnshaw, and
15、 his family. One day, Mr. Earnshaw goes to Liverpool and returns home with an orphan boy whom he will raise with his own children. At first, the Earnshaw childrena boy named Hindley and his younger sister Catherinedetest the dark-skinned Heathcliff. But Catherine quickly comes to love him, and the t
16、wo soon grow inseparable, spending their days playing on the moors. After his wifes death, Mr. Earnshaw grows to prefer Heathcliff to his own son, and when Hindley continues his cruelty to Heathcliff, Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley away to college, keeping Heathcliff nearby. Three years later, Mr. Earns
17、haw dies, and Hindley inherits Wuthering Heights. He returns with a wife, Frances, and immediately seeks revenge on Heathcliff. Once an orphan, later a pampered and favored son, Heathcliff now finds himself treated as a common laborer, forced to work in the fields. Heathcliff continues his close rel
18、ationship with Catherine, however. One night they wander to Thrushcross Grange, hoping to tease Edgar and Isabella Linton, the cowardly, snobbish children who live there. Catherine is bitten by a dog and is forced to stay at the Grange to recuperate for five weeks, during which time Mrs. Linton work
19、s to make her a proper young lady. By the time Catherine returns, she has become infatuated with Edgar, and her relationship with Heathcliff grows more complicated. When Frances dies after giving birth to a baby boy named Hareton, Hindley descends into the depths of alcoholism, and behaves even more
20、 cruelly and abusively toward Heathcliff. Eventually, Catherines desire for social advancement prompts her to become engaged to Edgar Linton, despite her overpowering love for Heathcliff. Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights, staying away for three years, and returning shortly after Catherine
21、 and Edgars marriage. When Heathcliff returns, he immediately sets about seeking revenge on all who have wronged him. Having come into a vast and mysterious wealth, he deviously lends money to the drunken Hindley, knowing that Hindley will increase his debts and fall into deeper despondency. When Hi
22、ndley dies, Heathcliff inherits the manor. He also places himself in line to inherit Thrushcross Grange by marrying Isabella Linton, whom he treats very cruelly. Catherine becomes ill, gives birth to a daughter, and dies. Heathcliff begs her spirit to remain on Earthshe may take whatever form she wi
23、ll, she may haunt him, drive him madjust as long as she does not leave him alone. Shortly thereafter, Isabella flees to London and gives birth to Heathcliffs son, named Linton after her family. She keeps the boy with her there. Thirteen years pass, during which Nelly Dean serves as Catherines daught
24、ers nursemaid at Thrushcross Grange. Young Catherine is beautiful and headstrong like her mother, but her temperament is modified by her fathers gentler influence. Young Catherine grows up at the Grange with no knowledge of Wuthering Heights; one day, however, wandering through the moors, she discov
25、ers the manor, meets Hareton, and plays together with him. Soon afterwards, Isabella dies, and Linton comes to live with Heathcliff. Heathcliff treats his sickly, whining son even more cruelly than he treated the boys mother. Three years later, Catherine meets Heathcliff on the moors, and makes a vi
26、sit to Wuthering Heights to meet Linton. She and Linton begin a secret romance conducted entirely through letters. When Nelly destroys Catherines collection of letters, the girl begins sneaking out at night to spend time with her frail young lover, who asks her to come back and nurse him back to hea
27、lth. However, it quickly becomes apparent that Linton is pursuing Catherine only because Heathcliff is forcing him to; Heathcliff hopes that if Catherine marries Linton, his legal claim upon Thrushcross Grangeand his revenge upon Edgar Lintonwill be complete. One day, as Edgar Linton grows ill and n
28、ears death, Heathcliff lures Nelly and Catherine back to Wuthering Heights, and holds them prisoner until Catherine marries Linton. Soon after the marriage, Edgar dies, and his death is quickly followed by the death of the sickly Linton. 呼啸山庄 Heathcliff now controls both Wuthering Heights and Thrush
29、cross Grange. He forces Catherine to live at Wuthering Heights and act as a common servant, while he rents Thrushcross Grange to Lockwood. Nellys story ends as she reaches the present. Lockwood, appalled, ends his tenancy at Thrushcross Grange and returns to London. However, six months later, he pay
30、s a visit to Nelly, and learns of further developments in the story. Although Catherine originally mocked Haretons ignorance and illiteracy (in an act of retribution, Heathcliff ended Haretons education after Hindley died), Catherine grows to love Hareton as they live together at Wuthering Heights.
31、Heathcliff becomes more and more obsessed with the memory of the elder Catherine, to the extent that he begins speaking to her ghost. Everything he sees reminds him of her. Shortly after a night spent walking on the moors, Heathcliff dies. Hareton and young Catherine inherit Wuthering Heights and Th
32、rushcross Grange, and they plan to be married on the next New Years Day. After hearing the end of the story, Lockwood goes to visit the graves of Catherine and Heathcliff. Chronology The story of Wuthering Heights is told through flashbacks recorded in diary entries, and events are often presented o
33、ut of chronological orderLockwoods narrative takes place after Nellys narrative, for instance, but is interspersed with Nellys story in his journal. Nevertheless, the novel contains enough clues to enable an approximate reconstruction of its chronology, which was elaborately designed by Emily Bront.
34、 For instance, Lockwoods diary entries are recorded in the late months of 1801 and in September 1802; in 1801, Nelly tells Lockwood that she has lived at Thrushcross Grange for eighteen years, since Catherines marriage to Edgar, which must then have occurred in 1783. We know that Catherine was engag
35、ed to Edgar for three years, and that Nelly was twenty-two when they were engaged, so the engagement must have taken place in 1780, and Nelly must have been born in 1758. Since Nelly is a few years older than Catherine, and since Lockwood comments that Heathcliff is about forty years old in 1801, it
36、 stands to reason that Heathcliff and Catherine were born around 1761, three years after Nelly. There are several other clues like this in the novel (such as Haretons birth, which occurs in June, 1778). The following chronology is based on those clues, and should closely approximate the timing of th
37、e novels important events. A before a date indicates that it cannot be precisely determined from the evidence in the novel, but only closely estimated. 1500 - The stone above the front door of Wuthering Heights, bearing the name of Hareton Earnshaw, is inscribed, possibly to mark the completion of t
38、he house. Heathcliff (In-Depth Analysis) 1758 - Nelly is born. Catherine (In-Depth Analysis) 1761 - Heathcliff and Catherine are born. Edgar (In-Depth Analysis) 1767 - Mr. Earnshaw brings Heathcliff to live at Wuthering Heights. 1774 - Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley away to college. 1777 - Mr. Earnshaw
39、dies; Hindley and Frances take possession of Wuthering Heights; Catherine first visits Thrushcross Grange around Christmastime. 1778 - Hareton is born in June; Frances dies; Hindley begins his slide into alcoholism. 1780 - Catherine becomes engaged to Edgar Linton; Heathcliff leaves Wuthering Height
40、s. 1783 - Catherine and Edgar are married; Heathcliff arrives at Thrushcross Grange in September. 1784 - Heathcliff and Isabella elope in the early part of the year; Catherine becomes ill with brain fever; young Catherine is born late in the year; Catherine dies. 1785 - Early in the year, Isabella f
41、lees Wuthering Heights and settles in London; Linton is born. 1785 - Hindley dies; Heathcliff inherits Wuthering Heights. 1797 - Young Catherine meets Hareton and visits Wuthering Heights for the first time; Linton comes from London after Isabella dies (in late 1797 or early 1798). 1800 - Young Cath
42、erine stages her romance with Linton in the winter. 1801 - Early in the year, young Catherine is imprisoned by Heathcliff and forced to marry Linton; Edgar Linton dies; Linton dies; Heathcliff assumes control of Thrushcross Grange. Late in the year, Lockwood rents the Grange from Heathcliff and begi
43、ns his tenancy. In a winter storm, Lockwood takes ill and begins conversing with Nelly Dean. 18011802 - During the winter, Nelly narrates her story for Lockwood. 1802 - In spring, Lockwood returns to London; Catherine and Hareton fall in love; Heathcliff dies; Lockwood returns in September and hears
44、 the end of the story from Nelly. 1803 - On New Years Day, young Catherine and Hareton plan to be married. Character List Heathcliff - An orphan brought to live at Wuthering Heights by Mr. Earnshaw, Heathcliff falls into an intense, unbreakable love with Mr. Earnshaws daughter Catherine. After Mr. E
45、arnshaw dies, his resentful son Hindley abuses Heathcliff and treats him as a servant. Because of her desire for social prominence, Catherine marries Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff. Heathcliffs humiliation and misery prompt him to spend most of the rest of his life seeking revenge on Hindley, hi
46、s beloved Catherine, and their respective children (Hareton and young Catherine). A powerful, fierce, and often cruel man, Heathcliff acquires a fortune and uses his extraordinary powers of will to acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, the estate of Edgar Linton Catherine - The daug
47、hter of Mr. Earnshaw and his wife, Catherine falls powerfully in love with Heathcliff, the orphan Mr. Earnshaw brings home from Liverpool. Catherine loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person. However, her desire for social advancement motivates her to marry Edgar Linton
48、instead. Catherine is free-spirited, beautiful, spoiled, and often arrogant. She is given to fits of temper, and she is torn between her wild passion for Heathcliff and her social ambition. She brings misery to both of the men who love her. Edgar Linton - Well-bred but rather spoiled as a boy, Edgar
49、 Linton grows into a tender, constant, but cowardly man. He is almost the ideal gentleman: Catherine accurately describes him as handsome, pleasant to be with, cheerful, and rich. However, this full assortment of gentlemanly characteristics, along with his civilized virtues, proves useless in Edgars clashes with his foil, Heathcliff, who gains power over his wife, sister, and daughter. Nell
