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1、医学影像学英文名词解释OsteoporosisAbnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium; most common in postmenopausal women DSA is a procedure, using computer technology to process imformation. It substracts two picture to allow for visualization of blood vessels wit
2、hout interference from surrounding structures.Osteoporosis is given risen to by a common metabolic disorder of bone, which is characterized by qualitatively normal, that is the normal mineralization of the bone, but quantutatuvely deficient bone.Osteomalacia is a group of disorders resulting from in
3、adequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature cortical and spongy bone.Bones substance both the cortex and the spongy bones destroyed and replaced by pathologlcal tissue. Roentgenologically, it show osteolytic bone areas of decreased density and loss of bone structures. Osteosclerosis is a
4、bnormal bardening of increased density of bone on radiographs. Roentgenologlcally, it shows bone of increased density. The bone appears to be thickened and loss of trabeculations and its medullary cavity.In the forepart of the disease, it appears to be a linear opacity curving slightly away from the
5、 cortex of the bone and separated from it. Periosteal reaction casts shadow of increase of density and occurs in various froms.Osteonecrosisi occurs when metabolism of bone cells cease forever from local ischemia of bone. Squestrum is partially or entirely detached from the surrounding or adjacent h
6、ealthy bone.The fracture occurs in childrens bone, for the eniphysis has not linked with metaphysis, so they may separate when there is an external force acting. Fracture line cannot be occurred and we can see that the epiphysis and metaphysic are not in the normal place or that epiphysial line is b
7、roader than normal.It may be incomplete in which only on part of the cortes is buckled, or broken , called greenstick fracture and usually occures in children.It is commonly seen in elderly people. The fracture line is 23cm from articular end of the redius. The distal fragment is displaced dorsally
8、and is often assoclated with fracture of the styloid proxess of the ulna and separation of the radioulnar joint.The interstitial tissue is connective tissue that is between pulmonary alveoli and alveolar wall.The pulmonary parenchymsa is the respiratory functional basic unit, including pulmonary art
9、eries, veins and lymphatics. The shadow of the branching pulmonary vessels radiate outward from the hilum and disappear with a gradual reduction in size. They are made up of pulmonary arteries, veins and lymphatics.The cavity is formed as result of the expulsion of necrotic material into the bronchu
10、s.Because the air in the alveoli is replaced by exudates, which the air in the bronchus is not displaced. This produces contrast between the air in the bronchial tree and the surrounding airless parenchyma.The combination of the primary pulmonary tuberculous focus lymphangitis and intrathoracic lymp
11、hadenitis is known as primary complex.The ratio between the maximal transverse diameter of the heart and the maxuimal width of the thorax.The motion of the left ventricle is impart on systole, opposite to the outward pulsation of the pulmonary segment and the aortic knuckle. This is the point of opp
12、osite pulsation which serve a landmark of the left veatricle. Filling defect is caused by a pace occupying mass producing defect on the barium.In the ulceration, looking from the side, the unchanging collection of barium will project outside the confines of the stomach.There is a lack of barium rete
13、ntion in a diseased segment of ileum and caecum but with a column of barium remains on either side of the affected area. This phenomenon may result from spasm, prganic constracture of a combination of both.Interventional radiology is defined as the following: use radiological appliances, technique a
14、nd methods to treat diseases or radiologically guide percutaneous needle biopsy to further diagnose disease by histopathology, bacteriology, biochemistry, histopysiology. 影像Artificial contrast: Those organs or spaces lack of natural contrast, can be rendered to be visible by means of contrast agents
15、 to create an artificial contrast. Osteoporosis: is characterized by qualitatively deficient bone. It is characterized by generalized decrease of bone density with thinning of cortex of long bones.Osteomalacia: Osteomalacia is a group of disorders resulting from inadequate to delayed mineralization
16、of osteoid in mature cortical and spongy byne. The radiographic changes are characterized by general marked decrease of bone density, thick cortex, the normal outline of the bone is blurred.Destruction of bone: Bone tissue elimination caused by sclerotin partly substituted with pathologic organism.
17、Roentgenologically, it shows osteolytic bone areas of decreased density and loss of bone structures.Hyperostosis osteoscleroses: osteosclerosis is abnormal hardening or increased density of bone on radiographs.Osteonecrosis: osteonecrosis occurs when metabolism of bone cells cease forever from local
18、 ischemia bone. The chief characteristic that is responsible for the radiographic definition of dead bone is its apparent increase in density.Colles fracture: the fracture line is within 23cm from the articular end of the radius, the distal fragment is displaced dorsally and radially and is often as
19、sociated with fracture of the styloid process of the ulna and separation of the radioulnar joint.Codmans triangle: codman triangle is due to direct erosion of the already formed periosteal new bone by fast growing tumor.Air bronchogram sign: because the air in the alveoli is replaced by exudates, wh
20、ile the air in the bronchus is not displaced and remain patent. This produces contrast between the air in the bronchial tree and the surrounding airless parenchyma.Primary complex tuberculosis: the combination of the primary pulmonary tuberculous focus, lymphangitis and intrathoracic lymphadenitis i
21、s known as the primary complex tuberculosis. It occurs chiefly in children.Double contour: on PA film, the right border of an enlarged left atrium may produce and extra shadow superimposed on the right cardiac border, giving a double contour.The third pathologic arch: it may form a separate arch bet
22、ween the pulmonary segment and the left ventricle, due to enlargement of the atrial appendage. It is called the third pathologic arch.Niche: on profile, this unchanging collection of barium will project outside the confines of the stomach. Filling defect: filling defect is caused by a space occupyin
23、g mass producing defect on the barium.Early gastric cancer: early gastric cancer is define as carcinoma limited to the mucosa and submucosa regardless of the presence or absence of lymph node involvement. Stirlin sign: there is a lack of barium retention in a diseased segment of ileum and caecum but
24、 with a column of barium remains on either side of the affected area. This phenomenon may result form spasm, organic constracture of a combination of both. It is suggestive of tuberculosis of intestine. Kidney autonephretomy: the caseous lesion of renal tuberculosis can produce calcification, can ev
25、en result in calacification of entire kidney called autonephritomy. Greenstick fracture: greenstick fracture occur almost exclusively during infancy and childhood. It is not easy for external force to cause the bone cortex complete break because of its pliant, so this kind of fracture showed bucklin
26、g of the cortex without fracture lines or a transver fracture occur in the cortex, extending into the midport of the bone and then orienting along the longitudinal axis of the bone without disrupting the opposite cortex.外总MAC: the minimum alveolar concentration is the best estimate of anesthetic pot
27、ency of an agent that produces immobility in 50% of subjects exposed to a noxious stimulus, such as surgical skin incision.Hyponatremia: is defined as a plasma Na+ of less than 135 mmol/L and represent a state of hyporosmolality. Hyponatremia may be caused by a primary water gain or Na+ loss.TPN(tot
28、al parenteral nutrition ): all the nutrition element and energy which the patient needed are supplied parenterally. Sepsis: the presence of SIRS is association with cluture proven infection.Hypertonic dehydration: Loss of water is more than of sodium chloride. Serum natrium concerntration is more th
29、an 150 mmol/L.Borderline tumors: there are minorities of tumors, which are morphologically benign but between benignancy and malignancy in biological behavior presenting infiltrated growth, postoperative recurrence and metastasis.Shock休克: a syndrome that the cell is anoxic, metabolism is turbulence,
30、 function is damaged, which is caused by decrease of the effect circulatory blood, the insufficient perfusion of the tissue.Element diet要素饮食: a kind of therapeutic diet that contains all the nutrient the nature food have, amino acid, glucose, fat vitamin, and mineral.MODS: a syndrome that many organ
31、s have dysfunction or failure at the same time or one by one in the condition of severe infection, trauma or shock.Cardiac arrest:心脏停搏 A medical emergency with absent or inadequate contraction of the left ventricle of the heart immediately causes bodywide circulatory failure. The signs and symptoms
32、include loss of consciousness; rapid shallow breathing progressing to apnea (absence of breathing ); profoundly low blood pressure (hypotension ) with no pulses that can be felt over major arteries; and no heart sounds.Perioperation period围术期: the period which include pre-operation, operation and af
33、ter operation, it start when we decide to do operation and end when the cure related to the operation ending the time is 5-7days before operation to 7-12 days after operation.Surgical infection外科感染: the infection that need surgical care. It include the infection which happen after trauma, operation,
34、 burns.Abscess脓肿: A local accumulation of pus anywhere in the body.Sepsis(脓血症) : commonly called a “body stream infection.” The presence of bacteria (bacteremia) or other infection organisms or their toxins in the blood (septicemia) or in other tissue of the body. Sepsis may be associated with clini
35、cal symptoms of systemic (bodywide) illness, such as fever, chills, malaise (generally feeling “rotten”), low blood pressure, and mental status changes. Sepsis can be a serious situation. A life threatening disease calling for urgent and comprehensive care.Bacteremia菌血症: the presence of live bacteri
36、a in the bloodstream. Bacteremia is analogous to viremia (the presence of a virus in the blood) and parasitemia (the presence of parasite in the blood). Bacteremia viremia and parasitemia are all forms of sepsis (bloodstream infection ). The term “bacteremia ” was compounded from “bacteria” and “-em
37、ia” (in the blood ). Also called bacillemia.Trauma创伤 is the injury caused by mechanical factors, which leads to tissue integrity damaged and dysfunction.Tumor is the study of a biologic abnormality characterized by excessive nonuseful growth of cells and /or tissues within a living organism. This ab
38、normality may occur as a space-occupying mass in the form of a tumor or may consist of spread throughout an organ or organ system in the form of individual cells.Acute renal failure(ARF) sudden and often temporary loss of kidney function which can cause azotemia and water electrolyte and acid bas di
39、sturbalance.Antisepsis the method which can kill large partial of the microbe, it make the microbe decreased so that it can not cause infection.Effect circulatory blood(ECBV) the blood volume which passes through cardio-vessel system and participate blood circulation within a certain time unit.Massi
40、ve blood transtusion the blood reanstusion volume is more than 2500ml for a time ormore than 5000ml per 24hoursNon-hemolytic febrile transfusion reaction NHFTR the body temperatuie increased 1oC or more which is related to blood transfusion but can not be explained by other reasons, it is the most common bad reaction of blood transfusion.Furuncle or carbuncle(疖痈): this is an abscess in the skin caused by the bacterium scaphylococcus aureus. A furuncle can have one or more openings onto the skin and maybe associated with a fever or chills.
