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1、期末考试高级英语第一册修辞总结Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar 1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9
2、) 2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”. e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1) 2)until you rounded a corner and see a fairlyland of dancing flashes. 3)in the maze of vaulted streets w
3、hich honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7) 3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)the sellers, on the other hand, make a point of protesting 4. Hyperbole(夸张): is the use of
4、a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g.or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and(Para. 7) quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5Antithesis(对偶): is the setting, often
5、 in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1) a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows(Para. 5) 2) which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 9) 6. Personification: a figu
6、re of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. as the burnished copper catches the light of (Para.5) 7. Assonance(尾韵) e.g. 1) the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels. Unit 2 1.Metaphor: 暗喻 A figure of speech in whi
7、ch a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。 1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon ra
8、ilways official might say. 2). I was again crushed by the thought(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1) 3). At last the intermezzo came to an end and(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1) 4). when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me(P15, P. 7, Lines 13) 2. alliteration: is the use of several words in close
9、proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. 1 e.g. 1)the fast train in the world slipped to a stop. 2)I feel sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me . 3. rhetorical question (反诘句) e.g. 1) Was I not at the scene of the crime? 4. Synecdoche: 提喻 A figure of speech in w
10、hich a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword )
11、. 举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体，以整体代表局部，以特殊代表一般，以一般代表特殊，或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西 e.g.1) The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7) l ittle old Japan: traditional Japanese hous
12、es 2 )There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated .(synecdoche) 5. Metonymy: 换喻 A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United Stat
13、es government or of the sword for military power. e.g.1)换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美*” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量” The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
14、(Para. 7) the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture 6. Irony：反语 The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect. 反语：正话反说或反话正说以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。 e.g. 1）This way I look at them and con
15、gratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (P. 17) 7. Sarcasm讽刺 Sarcasm is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt. e.g. 1）Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan 2）If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is th
16、e gayest city in Japan, even if 8. Euphemism 委婉语 Speak with good words 把话说得好听些，婉转些，使听者感到愉快。 e.g. 1）Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from 2 earthly cares. 指尘世的生活现在的痛苦 9. Climax: 层进法/渐升 A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force o
17、r intensity. 层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法 e.g. 1）No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. (page 1516, Para. 12, Lines 13) 从没人提它了，到不想提它了，再进为更不想提它了 10. Anti-climax: 渐降 Anti-climax, as used in the text, states ones thoughts
18、in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who
19、 ironically heard oysters in the end. 渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。 e.g. 1) seldom has a city gained such world renown(提到广岛的名气，首先想到的是原子弹)and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for itsoysters.(p.15) 11. Simile 明喻 is an
20、 expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or like e.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them Unit 3 Ships in the Desert 1Personification(拟人) e.g. 1) Where there should have been gentle blue-green wav
21、es lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand. (Para. 1) 2) With the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky. 2Hyperbole e.g. the population explosion (Para. 5) 3Metaphor 1) another ghostly image (Para. 6) 2) What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky
22、(Para. 8) 3) A sudden and starting surge in human population. 4Metonymy(转喻) 1) the relationship between the two superpowers (Para. 23) 2) in a small tent pitched on a 12-foot slab(厚板) of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. 5. Analogy (类比) 1）witness humankinds assault on the earth 2) The strateg
23、ic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization .(Para26) Unit 5 Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R. 3 1. Rhetorical question (interrogation) Interrogation asks a question not in order to obtain an
24、answer, but for the purpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way. E.g. but can you doubt what our policy will be? 3. parallel structure 1) We will never parley We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang(p.80) 2) we shall fight him by land we shall fight him by sea we shall
25、 fight him in the air. (p.80) 3) behind all this glare behind all this storm I see(p.80) 4) I see the Russian soldiers standing I see them guarding I see the ten thousand villages I see advancing upon(p.79) 5) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away. 6) Prayfor the sa
26、fety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector. 4. Inversion A change in normal word order, such as the placement of a verb before its subject a) From this nothing will turn usnothing P. 80 5. Repetition The repeated use of the same synonymous words,
27、to add force, clearness or balance to a sentence We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (p.78) He has so long thrived and prospered. (p.81) We will never parley, we will never negotiate(p.80) 6. simile A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in
28、 a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare). 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like 或 as 引导的短 1) the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(p79-80) 2) The Russian danger is therefore our
29、 danger, and the danger of the USA，just as the cause of any Russian fighting for. 7. metaphor A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。 a) I see the Russi
30、an soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. (p.79) 4 b) Behind all this glare, behind all this storm, I see that small group of (p.80) Glare: a fierce or angry stare; Here it refers to war fire. Storm: strong wind and rain; Here it re
31、fers to war or Hitlers assault on the other countries. c) delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey (the Russian soldiers). (p.80) d) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Page 77, Para. 1, the last sentence) e) We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of t
32、he Nazi regime. (Page80, Para. 3, Lines 68) f) we have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (p.80) 8. alliteration The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in 头
33、韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。如： 1) Hearth and home (p.82) 2) I also see the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(p.79) 3)Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (p.82) 9. Personification A figure of speech i
34、n which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (p.79-80) 10. hyper
35、bole A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年 或 这书有一吨重 中 1) If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. (Hitler is
36、much eviler than the devil.) (p.78) 11. Onomatopoeia(拟声) 1）with its clanking, heel clicking, dandified. 12. Antithesis (对偶) 1）Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe. 13. Collusion(典故) 1) I asked whether for him, the arch
37、anticommunist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon 14.Syllogism三段论推理 Unit 9 Mark TwainMirror of America 1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson 2. e.g. 1) Indeed, this nations best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, 5 patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. (Para
38、. 1) 2) Toms mischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools today as is the Declaration of Independence. (Para. 15) 3）Most American remember M. T. as the father of. . 4 ).a memory that seemed phonographi
39、c 2. Metaphor e.g. 1) who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. (Para. 1) 2) main artery of transportation in the young nations heart. (Para. 3) .the epidemic of gold and silver fever. 4. Mark Twain - Mirror of America Twain began digging his way to regional fame. Mark Twain honed and experimente
40、d with his new writing muscles. 3. Sarcasm: it is a figure of speech which attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is most often restricted to the making of brief, unpleasant remarks that are motivated by hosti
41、lity and contempt. e.g. 1)I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. (Para. 6) 2) one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night. (Para. 13) 4. Alliteration. e.g. It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at h
42、ome. It was that populationand rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences 5. Antithesis e.g. 1)of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. (Para. 5) 2)a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.
43、 3) It was a splengded populationfor all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home .took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land. 6. euphemism e.g. 1) He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confiderate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. 2) he comme
44、nted with a crushing sense of despair on mans final release from earthly struggles 3) they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence. 6 7. metonymy e.g. but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. 8.personification. e.g.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the w
45、orld laugh. The grave world smiles as usually and says. 9.Transferred epithet (转移修饰语) e.g. He had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. 10. Hyperbole: .cruise through eternal boyhood and .endless summer of freedom. Parallelism: Most Americans remember . the father
46、of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure. Synecdoche Keelboats,.carried the first major commerce Unit 10 The Trial that Rocked the World 1. Metaphor: No one,. that may case would snowball into. The oratorical storm that. .our town .
47、had taken on a circus atmosphere. The street .sprouted with . He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. .champion had not scorched the infidels. after the preliminary sparring over legalities 2. Simile: .swept the arena like a prairie fire .a palm fan like a sword. 3. Metonymy .tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. The Christian believes that man came from above. .below. 4. Hyperbole: The trial that rocked the world His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.(
