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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文 学 院 经济管理学院 专 业 工商管理 年级班别 学 号 学生姓名 指导教师 年 月 日人才流失的经济学分析及启示人才优势是现代企业竞争优势的核心，人才竞争是企业间竞争中最为本质的内容。日趋激烈的国际化竞争使人才流失成为制约企业持久发展的重要问题。随着现代经济市场化程度的提高，知识经济时代的显现，如何有效地解决人才流失问题成为每个企业所必须解决的历史课题。运用现代经济学的基本分析工具，分析了威胁现代企业持续发展的人才流失问题，并在此基础上提出了一些克服人才流失的对策。1 企业人才流失博弈分析的结论企业人才流失通常指人才基于一定的动因，从一个企业组织中
2、游离出来或从一个企业到另一个企业的过程或现象。当动态地考察人才流失行为的发生时，人才流失是一种过程；当静态地考察人才流失结果时，人才流失是一种状态现象。现实中，致使人才流失的动因是多种多样的、综合的。按照经济学分析的传统，本文假设企业人才流失是企业与个人之间以成本收益比较为基础，进行的博弈过程的结果。人才比较自己流出的成本收益决定是否流出企业，企业也同样根据设置壁垒的成本收益分析决定是否设置壁垒。这里的壁垒主要指企业为防止人才流失而建立的有关制度规则，不包括企业对人才施行的物质的与非物质的激励措施。我们经过对博弈模型进行均衡分析看出，人才流出的概率与企业设置壁垒的成本以及人才为克服壁垒而支付的
3、代价(违约金) 有关，与企业设置壁垒的成本呈正向关系，企业设置壁垒的成本越高，人才流出的概率越高，因为高成本会降低企业设置壁垒的概率；与人才克服壁垒的代价呈反向关系，人才克服壁垒的代价越低，人才流出的概率越高。企业设置壁垒的概率与人才在本企业的初始收益、人才在流入企业的收益以及企业因设置壁垒而获得的收益(人才交纳的违约金) 有关，与人才在本企业的初始收益呈反向关系，人才的初始收益越低，企业设置壁垒的概率越高；与人才在流入企业的收益呈正向关系，人才在流入企业的收益越高，企业面临的竞争压力越大，因而企业设置壁垒的概率越高；与企业因设置壁垒而获得的收益呈反向关系，企业设置壁垒的收益越低，其设置壁垒的
4、概率越高，因为企业的收益伴随着人才的成本(罚金) ，克服壁垒的低成本往往导致人才流出的概率升高。2 企业人才流失的成本与收益分析基于上文的经济理性假设，我们知道企业和人才的决策都是权衡成本收益比较的结果做出的。只有设置壁垒的收益大于所承担的成本，企业才会采取设置壁垒策略，而人才也不会在流出收益不足以弥补流出代价时选择流出。现实中无论企业还是人才，其成本与收益都是相当复杂的，这里具体分析一下各局中人的成本与收益，以便从中得出更多的有益启示。2.1 企业的成本与收益1、 人才流失引致的企业成本：虽然人才流失对企业有时也有一些积极意义，如促使人才合理优化配置、提高警惕等，但是由于通常人才流失对企业都
5、是弊远大于利的，因此本文只讨论人才流失对企业的损失。其一，人才流失引起人才空缺引致的企业效率损失以及企业的人才重置成本。其二，人才流失引致的企业在商业秘密、核心技术、稳定客户等方面的损失。其三，流失人才为竞争对手所用，必将改变企业间的竞争实力对比，有时甚至会改变企业间的相对地位，从而给本企业造成巨大的损失。其四，人才流失还可能引发连锁反应，如，增加其他人才的心理成本，影响其积极性等。其五，人才流失还可能给企业带来噪音，降低市场对企业的评价结果，从而影响企业声誉、股票价格等。2、企业设置壁垒的成本主要包括以下几个方面：其一，设置壁垒的直接成本，指企业因设置壁垒而发生的直接支出。主要包括：设置壁垒
6、的初始成本，具体指企业在制定有关制度规则过程中所支付的人力、物力成本；壁垒的作用成本，具体指为保证壁垒的有效性而衍生的相关组织机构和规章制度的变动成本以及人才触及壁垒时企业贯彻有关规则时付出的成本。其二，设置壁垒的机会成本，指企业在设置壁垒时所耗费的人、财、物用于其他领域可以获得的收益，如，壁垒的制定、维护人员在此期间从事其他工作的产出以及耗费在设置壁垒的财物用于其它生产或投资领域时的收益等。其三，壁垒的信号成本，指企业因设置的壁垒向外界传递的不良信号，带来的企业招揽人才难度增加以及外界对企业的评价下降等问题，引致的成本。如果所设置的壁垒比较高，则拟流入者将要求更高的初始收益R0 ，从而增加企
7、业的人才获取成本；而且，如果壁垒过高，企业容易被外界认为是缺乏留住人才的实力，从而降低企业对优秀人才的吸引力，企业在其他领域的声誉也会受到损害。其四，设置壁垒的制度成本，指因设置壁垒而增加的整个管理系统的负担、壁垒本身制度化的成本以及企业为提高壁垒的有效性而支付的壁垒完善创新成本。任何一项制度规则的有效性都需要其他管理环节的支持，企业设置壁垒必然会增加整个管理系统的负担；企业设置的壁垒要真正起作用必须制度化规范化，这个过程中企业也需要耗费一定的物质、信息和时间资源；壁垒的完善是一个渐进过程，而且壁垒本身为适应不同条件下的需要也要不断地创新，这都需要企业支付一定的成本。3、企业设置壁垒的收益主要
8、包括以下几个方面：其一，企业设置壁垒的直接收益源于人才因流出而交纳的违约金或源于其他方面的补偿金。其二，由于面临壁垒，人才为从流动中获得更高收益会积极提升自身人力资本质量，从而提高企业的整体人力资源素质，促进企业收益的持久增加。其三，企业因设置壁垒使人才队伍相对稳定，在提高产出水平、提升企业形象等方面带来的收益增加。其四，壁垒引起的人才流失率下降，将节省人才重置、培训和管理过程中的成本，这部分成本也能给企业带来新的收益。2.2 人才的成本与收益1、 人才流出的成本主要包括以下几个方面：其一，人才流出决策成本，主要包括：目标的寻访成本，具体指为发现合意的R1 在时间、精力和货币等方面的投入，由于
9、寻访过程中时间精力上的投入引起的实际工作的损失以及以上投入在闲暇、消费等方面的机会成本；目标的决定成本，具体指在多个待选目标中选择最优目标时所发生的直接费用以及心理负担等；决策过程的其他成本，如为达到流向目标的要求而进行的个人人力资本投资成本以及由于表露出的流出意向引起的人际压力和心理成本等。其二，人才流出过程成本，主要包括：直接成本，指人才在流出过程中发生的直接损失，如差旅费、迁移费、违约金等；间接成本，指以上直接支出的机会成本以及流出过程引起的现时收益损失等；人际成本，指流出过程中为协调人际关系而发生的支出。其三，人才流出结果成本，指人才从原来企业流出之后面临的成本，如处于摩擦性失业状态时
10、的收入损失和人力资本折价损失以及预期收益的各种贴现风险等。2、 人才流出的收益主要包括以下几个方面：其一，流出后在新企业获得的比初始收益更高的新收益R1 ，包括更好的报酬、福利状况，更高的职务头衔，更强烈的成就感等方面的综合效用。其二，流出过程引起的个人人力资本含量的提高可以给人才在日后的职业生涯发展和职业选择过程中带来更高的收益。其三，人才的流出意向显露出来之后，可能引起企业的关注和重用，提高人才在企业中的相对地位，由此可以增加人才的收益。总之，无论是追求利润最大化的企业，还是追求效用最大化的人才，其行为都是以综合收益大于综合成本为出发点的，即在各项收益与成本均为正值的约束条件下，追求Uma
11、x = F(R) - F(C)。3 企业人才流动经济学分析的启示3.1 人才流动的复杂动因人才流动是多种因素共同作用的结果，包括社会环境因素、企业因素、人才个人因素等。社会环境因素对人才流动的影响是全方位的，社会的总体经济运行状况、社会保障体制、社会文化观念以及社会的法律制度等因素，通过影响人才流动的预期收益、抗风险能力、流动倾向性、规则意识以及人才流动的社会效应等方式对人才流动产生影响。人才对更高效用水平的追求是人才流动的主观动因，是人才流动根本的动力源泉。人才的人力资本含量影响人才在市场上的供求关系，进而决定人才流动的潜在收益；人才的价值观念影响其流动偏好和倾向性；人才的初始财产影响其抗风
12、险能力；人才的婚姻家庭状况也是人才流动的重要约束变量。企业在人才配置效率方面的相对劣势是人才流失的客观动因。按照著名的推拉理论，人才流失是流出企业的推力与流入企业的引力共同作用的结果。流出企业在薪酬福利、工作安排、文化氛围等方面与人才个人期望值之间的差距是促使人才流出的重大推力，流入企业在上述方面与人才个人期望值的接近是吸引人才流入的重要引力。影响人才流动的各种因素不是单独起作用的，而是相互联系、相互影响，最终以一种合力对人才流动发生作用。3.2 企业克服人才流失问题的路径选择设置壁垒是企业防止人才流失的根本途径，但是壁垒设置、实施过程的高成本以及外部企业日益强大的拉力使这种方式的效率大打折扣
13、，而且这种方式也与企业与人才的博弈均衡“不设置壁垒不流动”相背离。因此，企业需要考虑通过非壁垒路径克服人才流失问题。人才在流出企业和流入企业的收益之间的差距是影响人才流动的基本因素。建立合理的薪酬制度是企业降低人才流失率的基本路径之一。合理的薪酬水平可以提高人才在本企业的初始收益R0 ，减少收益差距D ，具有竞争力的薪酬水平不仅可以防止本企业的人才流失，而且可以吸引企业外部的优秀人才流入；科学的薪酬结构可以使人才根据自身情况理性地分配、使用、增加自己的人力资本，对自己的收益有一个明确的预期，缩小预期收益的差距；适宜的薪酬支付制度通过支付时间和支付媒介的调整可以提高同样薪酬量的效用水平。人才的初
14、始收益是人才在企业取得的各种回报的综合体，人性化的工作设计、富有成就感的工作业绩以及动听的职务头衔等都会增加人才的初始收益R0 。企业不是纯粹的经济单位，人才也不是纯粹的生产要素，企业文化是联结企业与人才社会性纽带。建设优秀的企业文化，培养团队精神，不仅可以改变人才对流动的偏好，而且可以增强人才对企业的依赖性和认同感，增加人才流动的心理成本。同时，优秀的企业文化不仅可以提高人才在企业中的精神收益，而且可以起到敛集优秀人才的作用。流动是人才自我发展的内在要求，生涯管理将人才的发展与企业的发展更好地协调起来，从根源上弱化了人才流动的动因。当然，人才流失是不能完全避免的，企业必须采取措施最大限度地降
15、低人才流失带来的损失。针对人才流失后造成的岗位空缺，培训成本增加等问题，应建立人才储备机制以及人才的功能性使用机制，从而保证关键人才的及时补充。加强保密制度建设与监督，注重人才职业道德的培养，降低人才流失在泄露商业秘密、转移核心技术等方面造成的损失。此外，还应建立人才预警系统，加强企业与人才之间的沟通，及时了解人才的异常动向，尽早发现人才的流动意向，并采取合理的改善措施，如，了解并满足人才的需要或及时寻找替代者等。3.3 建设有利于人才合理有序流动的社会环境人才流动的社会效应是双向的，一方面，人才流动是一种优化资源配置的重要方式，有利于整个社会福利的增加；另一方面，人才流动在增加就业压力、就业
16、真空过程中的生产效率损失等方面也具有明显的负面效应。实现人才的合理有序流动需要有良好的社会环境。影响人才流动的社会环境主要包括社会的文化环境、市场环境以及国家的法律法规等方面。首先，必须营造一种良好的文化环境，对人才流动形成一种科学的价值判断，全面地看待人才流动的正负效应，促使人才选择合理的流动方式。同时，要公平地看待进行流动的人才，保证人才有均等的机会实现预期收益。其次，建立完善的人才市场，提高人才流动的市场化程度。一方面，要建立完善的人才市场体系，保证人才可以按照市场规则自主流动；另一方面，要注意培育优质的人才市场中介机构，为人才流动提供优质的服务，从而提高人才流动的经济效率和社会效率。第
17、三，加强相关的法律法规建设，使人才流动有法可依，保障各利益主体的合法权益，通过法律手段减少人才流动的负面效应，如，竞业禁止就是一种人才流动中保护商业秘密的良方。此外，还应加强对人才流动的引导，增强人才流动的规则意识，促进人才的合理有序流动。Brain drain of Economic Analysis and InspirationThe talented person superiority is the modern enterprise competitive advantage important fountainhead,the competition for talent is
18、the enterprise competes the essential content. Day by day the intense internationalization competition causes the brain drain into restriction enterprise lasting development the important question. Along with does the modern economy marketability degree enhancement, the knowledge economy time in rel
19、ief, how solve the brain drain problem to become the historical topic effectively which each enterprise must solve. We utilize the modern economic the basic analysis tool, has analyzed the brain drain question which the threat modern enterprise develops continually, and proposed in this foundation s
20、ome overcome the brain drain the countermeasure.1. Game analysis of the conclusions Enterprise brain drain usually refers to people on a certain cause,From a free enterprise organization or out from an enterprise to another business process or phenomenon. When the dynamic study of brain drain occurs
21、 when the brain drain is a process; When inspecting the static results of the brain drain and brain drain is a phenomenon of state. In reality, the result of the brain drain was motivated by diverse and integrated. According to the traditional economic analysis, we assume enterprises is a brain drai
22、n among enterprises and individuals in a cost comparison based on receipts, The Game of the outcome of the process. Their talents outflow of the cost - to decide whether income outflow from the enterprise, Enterprises are also in accordance with the cost of erecting barriers - benefit analysis to de
23、cide whether erecting barriers. Here refers to the main barriers to prevent the brain drain of the system established by the rules, excluding enterprises to personnel of the purposes of the material and non-material incentives. After the game model for a balanced analysis shows that outflow of talen
24、t with the probability of enterprises set up barriers and the cost of talent to overcome barriers and to pay the price (the default). barriers to enterprise and the cost of setting up a positive relation, business erecting barriers to the higher cost, the probability of talent outflow higher because
25、 the cost will be set up barriers to lower the probability; and talent to overcome barriers to reverse the price was, people overcome barriers price, the lower the probability of talent outflow higher. Enterprise erecting barriers and the probability of talent in the enterprises initial gains inflow
26、 of qualified personnel in the enterprises and the enterprises receipts erecting barriers and the proceeds (the damages), and talent in the enterprises initial gains were inverse relationship, and talent initial return, the lower Enterprise erecting barriers to the higher the probability; and talent
27、 in the enterprise income inflow was positive, inflow of talent in the higher corporate earnings, enterprises are faced with the pressure of competition, and consequently the greater enterprise erecting barriers higher probability; and the enterprises set up barriers and access to the proceeds of a
28、reverse, set up barriers to enterprise income lower erecting barriers of their higher probability because enterprises along with the proceeds of personnel costs (Mulct), overcome barriers to low-cost talent outflow often leads to the increased probability. 2. Cost and income analysisBased on precedi
29、ng text economical rational supposition. We know the business and personnel decisions are weighed against the cost - compared to the gains made by the results. Only by erecting barriers of income is greater than the cost that the companies can take erecting barriers strategy and the talents are not
30、in the outflow of income is not sufficient to compensate for price outflow choice outflow. In reality both enterprises or talent, its costs and benefits are very complex, Here specific analysis of the players costs and benefits, in order to draw more useful insights. 2.1 Enterprises cost and incomeB
31、rain drain caused by corporate cost: Although the brain drain of enterprises sometimes has some positive significance. If reasonable promote optimal allocation of talents, such as vigilance.However, as is usually the brain drain of enterprises are the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. Therefore t
32、his paper will only discuss the brain drain of the business losses. First, the brain drain caused personnel vacancies caused by loss of business efficiency and enterprise personnel replacement costs. Second, the brain drain caused by enterprises in a commercial secret, the core technology and stable
33、 clients the loss. Third, the loss of talent to competitors, have the will to change enterprises in the competitive strength contrast, sometimes even between enterprises will change the relative position of the enterprise so as to cause enormous losses. Fourth, the brain drain may also trigger a cha
34、in reaction, such as additional personnel costs of the psychological affect his enthusiasm, and so on. Fifth, the brain drain could also give enterprises noise, reducing the results of the evaluation of enterprises, thus affecting corporate reputation stock prices. Enterprise erecting barriers to th
35、e main cost will include the following aspects : First, set up barriers to the direct costs, enterprise as a result of erecting barriers and the direct expenditures. These mainly include : erecting barriers to the initial costs, specifically refers to the enactment of the rules system, which have be
36、en paid manpower, material costs; The role of cost barriers, concrete barrier refers to guarantee the effectiveness of the derivative related organizations and regulatory changes in the cost and talent touched barriers When enterprises implement the rules will have to pay the cost. Second, erecting
37、barriers of opportunity cost refers to the barriers set up by the cost of personnel, finance, and were available for other areas of revenue, such as barriers to development, maintenance personnel during this period to engage in other work outputs and the cost of erecting barriers property for invest
38、ment or other production areas the benefits. Third, the cost barriers to signal that the enterprises set up barriers to the adverse external signal transmission, The enterprise will become more difficult to recruit outside the enterprise and appraisal issues of the cost. If the barriers set up by re
39、latively high, the inflow will be more demanding of the initial proceeds of R0. thereby increase their access to personnel costs; Moreover, if the barriers are too high, Enterprises easily by outsiders is the lack of strength retain talent, thereby lowering enterprise right talents are attractive, E
40、nterprises in other fields reputation will be damaged. Fourth, erecting barriers cost of the system, we refer to the erecting barriers and increase the overall management of the burden. barriers to institutionalize itself and the cost of enterprises to enhance the effectiveness of barriers to pay th
41、e cost barriers improve innovation. Any one system, the validity of the rules need to link other management support, Enterprise erecting barriers will increase the overall management of the burden; Enterprises set up barriers to truly be the role of institutionalization and standardization. this pro
42、cess also requires enterprises to spend a certain amount of material, information and time resources; sound barriers is a gradual process, barriers and adapt itself to different conditions also need to constantly innovate, it needs to pay for certain costs. Enterprise erecting barriers of income inc
43、lude the following aspects : First, Enterprise erecting barriers proceeds from the direct result of outflow of talent and pay the damages or from other aspects of the compensation. Second, the face of barriers, from mobile professionals to obtain higher returns will actively enhance the quality of t
44、heir own human capital, thereby improving the overall quality of human resources, to promote a lasting increase in income. Third, enterprises erecting barriers personnel for the relative stability in raising output levels, to enhance corporate image, and so on the gains. Fourth, the barriers caused
45、by the decline in the rate of brain drain will save replacement personnel, training and management process costs, This part of the costs can also have brought new income. 2.2 Costs and gainsThe outflow of personnel costs primarily include the following aspects : First, the outflow of personnel decis
46、ion-making cost, which mainly includes : the cost of locating targets, specifically referring to a desired R1 found in time, energy and currency of inputs, As the process of searching for the time and energy on the input of the actual work of the above inputs and losses in leisure, consumption of op
47、portunity cost; target cost of the decision, Specifically, it refers to the number of goals to be elected to choose the optimum goal when the direct costs and psychological burden; the decision-making process of other costs, If the flow of goals to meet the requirements of individual human capital i
48、nvestment costs as well as the outflow of his intention of interpersonal stress, and psychological costs. Second, the process of outflow of talent costs, including : direct costs, means the outflow of talent in the course of direct losses, such as travel, Transfer fees, the default; Indirect costs,
49、mean more direct expenditures and the opportunity cost caused by the outflow of the present process proceeds losses; Interpersonal costs, refers to the process of outflow of interpersonal relations and coordination of expenditures. Third, the results of cost outflow of talent that talent outflow from the original E
