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1、初中语法专题（一）,时态,一般现在时,一般过去时,现在进行时,过去进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,一般将来时,过去将来时,一般现在时,一、一般现在时：,概念,：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的,某种状况。,时间状语：,always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month),once a week,on Sundays,etc.,基本结构,：,be,动词；行为动词,否定形式,：,am/is/are+not;,此时态的谓语动,词若为行为动词，则在其前加,dont,如主语为第,三人称单数，则用,doesnt,，同时还原行为动词。,一般疑问
2、句,：把,be,动词放于句首；用助动,词,do,提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用,does,，,同时，还原行为动词。,什么情况下用？,表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在,的状态。表示主语通常的能力、,兴趣爱好、和性格特征。表示客,观的事实或真理。表示按照时刻,表或已经计划安排好的将来行为。,（只限于是,go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,take off,stop,be,等表示开,始或移动意义的词。）,在时间状,语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用,一般将来时,(will+,动词原形,),，从句,中用一般现在时表将来。,（主将,从现）,当主语是第三人称,时，谓语动词要用,第三
3、人称单数形式，,加,-s/es,。除此之外,都用动词原形。,动词第三人称单数,形式变化规则,1.,He_(be,am,is,are)a teacher at No.2 Middle,School.,2.,He_(have,has)classes in the afternoon.,3.,He_(get,gets)up at half past six every,morning.,4.,He always _(come,comes)to school on time.,5.,He _(study,studies)very hard at his lesson.,6.,One and two _
4、(be,is,are)three.,7.,Blue and yellow _(make,makes)green.,8.,The earth _(move,moves)round the sun.,9.,I will go there if I _(be,will be,am,is,are)free,tomorrow.,10.,I will go there when I _(have,will have,has)time tomorrow.,11.,He wont come to the party unless he,_(be,will be,am,is,are)invited.,12.,I
5、ll wait here until my mother _(come,comes,will come)back.,13.,Please return the book to the library as soon,as you _(finish,finishes,will finish),reading it.,14.,Once you _(see,sees,will see)him,you,will never forget him.,一般过去时,概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；,过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。,时间状语：,ago,yesterday,the day before,
6、yesterday,last week(year,night,month),in,1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long,long ago,once upon a time,etc.,基本结构：,be,动词；行为动词,否定形式：,was/were+not;,在行为动词,前加,didnt,，同时还原行为动词。,一般疑问句：,was,或,were,放于句首；用,助动词,do,的过去式,did,提问，同时还原行为,动词。,谓语动词使用过去式形式，,加,ed,，分为规则和不规则变,化。表示过去经常发生的动,作，也可用“,used to do,”,和“wou
7、ld+动词原形”。,1.,He_(be,was,were,been)here a moment,ago.,2.,They _(be,was,were,been)here just,now.,3.,The scientists _(leave,leaves,leaved,left),for America yesterday.,4.,Last week we _(visit,visited)the,Science Museum.,5.,When I was a child,I often _(play,played),football.,6.,The students ran out of th
8、e classroom as,soon as the bell _(ring,rang,rung).,现在进行时,作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发,生时间的各种形式称为时态。,1.,概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行,的动作及行为。,2.,时间状语：,Now,at this time,days,look.,listen,等时间状语做标志。,3.,基本结构：主语,+be+doing+,其他,4.,否定形式：主语,+be+not+doing+,其他,5.,一般疑问句：把,be,动词放于句首。,6.,用法：现在进行时表示,1),、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生,的动作，强调“此时此刻”。,E.g.
9、He is reading.,They are talking now.,2),、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在,进行的动作。,E.g.They are working these days.,3),、,某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计,划或即将发生的动作。,E.g I am coming.,现在分词的变法有,1),、一般在动词词尾加上,-ing,E.g.,jump,2),、以不发音字母,e,结尾的动词，先,去,e,，再加,-ing.E.g have write,3),、,.,以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅,音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元,音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双,写，再加上,-ing.E
10、.g.sit put,其句式,变换都在,be,上做文章。,1,.I _(write,am writing,is writing,are writing),a letter now.,2.,Look,it _(begin,is beginning,am,beginning,are beginning)to rain.,3.,They _(study,is studying,am studying,are,studying)medicine at the Medical Institute of,Chengde these days.,4.,He _(teach,am teaching,is te
11、aching,are,teaching)an English lesson at this time.,过去进行时,1.,概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正,在发生或进行的行为或动作。,2.,时间状语：,at this time yesterday,at that,time,或以,when,引导的谓语动词是一般过去,时的时间状语等。,3.,基本结构,主语,+was/were+doing+,其他,4.,否定形式：主语,+was/were+not,+doing+,其他,5.,一般疑问句：把,was,或,were,放于句首。,(,第一个字母大写）,其句式变化仍然要在,be,上做文章。,过去进行时常与
12、过去某一特定时,间的状语连用，如,last night,at,that time,at noon yesterday,last,Sunday,等。,也有时没有时间状,语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定,用过去进行时。,1.,I _(cook,cooked,was cooking,were cooking),breakfast when you arrived.,2.,What _you_(do,did,was.doing,weredoing)at this time yesterday evening?,3.,We_(have,are having,had,were having),dinner w
13、hen the doorbell rang.,4.,While/When/As we_(have,had,are having,were having)dinner,the doorbell rang.,一般将来时,构成,:,will,shall+,动词原形，其中,shall,只用,于第一人称。,be going to+,动词原形，表,示主观打算，按计划，安排要发生的事情。,be to+,动词原形，表示客观安排,be,about to+,不定式，意为马上要做某事，正,要做某事。某些动词，可用进行时态表,将来，如,come,go,arrive,leave,。在时间,状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句
14、用一般,将来时,(will+,动词原形,),，从句中用一般现,在时表将来。一般现在时可表示按时间,表发生的将来的动作,(,限,start,begin,arrive,end,close,leave-,等表示开始或移动意义的,词,),时间状语：,Tomorrow,next,day(week,month,year),soon,in a few minutes,by,the day,after tomorrow,etc.,否定形式,：主语,+am/is/are not going to do,；,主语,+will/shall not do+,其他,一般疑问句,：,be,放于句首；,will/shall
15、,提到句首。,e.g.She will be back in three days.,She will not be back in three days.,Will She be back in three days?,They are going to clean their classroom.,They are not going to clean their classroom.,Are they going to clean their classroom?,1,_you _a doctor when you grow up?,A Will;going to be B Are;go
16、ing to be,C Are;/D Will;be,2,I dont know if his uncle _.I think he _ if it doesnt,rain.,A will come;comes B will come;will come,C comes;comes D comes;will come,3,He will be back _a few minutes.,A with B for C on D in,4,What time _we meet at the gate tomorrow?,A will B shall C do D are,5,He will have
17、 a holiday as soon as he _the work next week.,A finishes B doesnt finish,C will finish D wont finish,6,There _some showers this afternoon.,A will be B will have,C is going to be D are going to have,7,It _my brothers birthday tomorrow.She _a party.,A is going to be;will have B will be;is having,C wil
18、l be;is going to have D will have;is going to be,8,Li Ming is 10 years old now,next year he _11.,A is B is going to be C will be D will to be,过去将来时,构成：,（,would+,动词原形，或将来时的,其它过去构成形式was going to do）,表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将,要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾语从句,及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过,去将来时。如,I thought it was going to be,fun.,时间状语,
19、：,-soon/the next day-that-,clause(,名词性从句或上下文中,-),1.,I told my friend that I _(should/,would arrive,shall/will arrive)soon.,2.,They looked at those clouds over the,sky.It_(is going to rain,was going to,rain).,3.,They said that they _(are to meet,were to meet)at the gate the next day.,4,.We _(are abou
20、t to go,were about,to go)out when it started to rain.,现在完成时,1.,概念：,表示发生在过去，持续到现,在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行,下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，,并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。常,与,since+,过去时（间）,for+,一段时间,连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动,作。,2.,时间状语：,yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+,时间点，,for+,时间段，,recently,lately,in the past,few years,etc.,3.,基本结
21、构：,主语,+have/has+p.p,（过去分词）,+,其他,4.,否定形式：,主语,+have/has+not,+p.p,（过去分词）,+,其他,5.,一般疑问句：,have/has+,主语,+p.p,（过去分词）,+,其他,?,非延续性动词和延续性动词,非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，,常见的有,come,go,arrive,leave,begin,start,buy,join,die,buy,find,stop,become,open,borrow,lend,appear,close,fall,finish,sell,lose,kill,等，这些,动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状,语连用
22、。,但是，非延续性动词的否,定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与,for/since,等时间状语连用。,有些同学错误地认,为这类非延续性动词不,能用于完成时态中。其,实，错误的本质在于非,延续性动词与时间段的,错误搭配，与现在完成,时态无关。,延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用,在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延,续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受,汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：,He has fallen asleep for an hour.,他睡了一小时了。（）,His father has died for three years.,他父亲去世三年了。（）,当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解
23、,决方法：,（,1,）将非延续性动词转化为相应的,状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一,动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如：,He has been asleep for an hour.,（,fall,asleep,“入睡”为短暂动作，但,be,asleep“睡着”则为状态动词，可延,续。）,His father has been dead for three,years.,（,die,为短暂动词，“死”后的,状态可用“be dead”这种系表结构来,描述，可延续。）,常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：,go there,be there,come back,be back,borrow,keep,
24、buy/catch,have,arrive,be in,begin,be on,open,be open,close,be closed,die,be dead,leave,be away from,get up,be,up,fall asleep,be asleep,become,be,join,be in/a member of,receive,have,catch/get a,cold,have a cold,get married,be married,，,come be in，finish be over，,leaver,be away,have,（,has,）,been,和,hav
25、e,（,has,）,gone,的区别,have been to a place,意思是“到过、,去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在,人不在那儿；,have gone to a place,表,示“去了”，已经去了某地，现在,人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。,1.,You have _ a tall young man.,A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up,2.He has _ the watch for a year.,A buy B bought C have D had,3.Has your brother _ the dog?,A kept
26、in B fed C fed on D kept on,4.I _this book for two weeks,I have to return it now.,A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept,1.,5.Have you ever _to the Great Wall?Its very beautiful.A,gone B been C went D go,6.Her brother _the Party since 1978.,A joined B has joined C has been in D was in,7.The G
27、reens _many places of interest since they came to China.,A will visit B visited C have visited D visit,8 Im sorry,I _ your name.,A had forgotten B forgot,C have forgotten D forgotten,9 The bookshop _ for eight years.,A has been open B has been opened,C has opened D has open,10 We have_ all the paper
28、 so we need to,buy some.,A used up B made of,C filled with D hunted for,11 The flower I _grown up.,A planted has B planted have,C has planted D have planted,巧解现在完成时态题,技巧,1:,寻找现在完成时中的“段时,间”。,(1),现在完成时表示过去已经开始并,持续到现在的动作或状态,多和表示,一段时间的状语连用,:for+,一段时,间,;since+,点时间,(since,作连词后接从,句时,该从句要用一般过去时,),。,(2),现在完成
29、时态也用在含有,during/,in/over the last years,或,in recent years,等的句子中。,趁热打铁,1.,The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _ tens of,thousands of visitors since 1995.,A.,attracted B.attracts,C.has attracted D.will attract,2.,How long _ you _ here?,For about two years so far.,A.,have,studied B.did,live,C.do,stay D.were,swi
30、mming,3.,How is your father?I _him for a long time.,He is fine,but busy.,A.,dont see,B.hadnt seen,C.didnt see,D.havent seen,4.,Meimei has received several letters from her,hometown since she _ to the city.,A.,A.came B.comes C.has come D.will come,技巧,2:,寻找现在完成时的副,词标志或句型。,(1),在做时态题时,注意观察句中是否,有常用于现在完成时
31、的副词,:yet,already,never,lately,recently,ever,just,before,(ever)since,等。,(2),句型,:It has been+,段时间,+since+,过去时,.,也可以表示为,:It is+,段时间,+since+,过去时,.,趁热打铁,1.,What are you going to do this weekend?,I _ yet.,A.,havent decided,B.wont decide,C.have decided,D.didnt decide,2.My mother _ the windows already,so th
32、e room looks,much brighter.,A.,has cleaned B.had cleaned,C.is cleaning D.will clean,3.It _ ten years since we last _ in Beijing.,1.,was,met B.has been,met,C.was,meet D.is,meet,A.,4.,How long has the weather been like this?,_.,?,Until last night B.Ever since last night,A.,C.Two days ago D.Two days la
33、ter,技巧,3:,把握,have been to,与,have gone to,的区别。,have been to,曾经去过某处,(,现在已经,不在那个地方,强调以前的经历,),have gone to,去了某处,(,强调主语已经,离开说话者所在的地方,现在还没有,回来,),趁热打铁,1.,Is that Jack speaking?,Sorry,he isnt in right now.He _ the,cinema with his aunt.,A.,has been to B.has gone to,C.have been to D.have gone to,2.,Hello,may
34、I speak to your father,please?,Sorry,my father _ to Shanghai.He went,there this morning.,A.goes,B,.has gone C.has been D.go,3.,How many times _ you _ to Beijing,this year?,Three times.,?,have,been B.had,been,A.,C.have,gone D.had gone,技巧,4:,分清延续性动词和非延续性动,词。,延续性动词是指那些动作可以持续的,动词。如,:have,keep,study,live
35、,teach,等。,非延续性动词是指那些动作瞬间完成,的动词。如,:begin,buy,borrow,lend,等。,做题时,要注意句中是否有段时间,如,果有则用延续性动词。,趁热打铁,1.,Oh,Mrs.King,your dress looks nice.Is it new?,No,I _ it since two years ago.,A.,had B.bought,C.have had D.have bought,2.Tom _ the CD player for two weeks.,A.,has lent B.has borrowed,C.has bought D.has had,
36、3.,How long has the foreigner _ here?,He has _ here for several hours.,?,arrived;come B.come;got,A.,C.stayed;been D.left;been away,4.The film _ for half an hour.,?,has begun B.has been begun,A.,C.has been on D.began,过去完成时,过去完成时,1,、概念：,过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或,动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的,过去（,past-in-the-past,）”。,-|
37、-|-|-,那时以前,那时,现在,2,、构成：过去完成时由“助动词,had+,过,去分词”构成，其中,had,通用于各种人称。,They,had already had breakfast,before they,arrived,at the hotel.,She,had finished,writing the composition,by 10,：,00 this morning.,3,、它的否定句是在,had,后边加,not,，变一,般疑问句是把,had,提前。,E.g.I had reached the station before 9:00,oclock.I had not reac
38、hed the station before,9:00 oclock.,Had you reached the station before 9:00,oclock?,4,、它通常和,before,by the end of,等引导,的表示过去的时间状语连用,.,另外,复合句,的主句为一般过去时,宾语从句表达过去,发生的动作时,从句也要用过去完成时,.E.g.,He said he had never seen such an exciting,match before.,过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时,间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而,独立存在。此时多与,already,，,yet,，,s
39、till,，,just,，,before,，,never,等时间,副词及,by,，,before,，,until,等引导的,短语或从句连用。,1.We _(have read,had read)500 stories by the,end of last term.,2.He said that they _(have arrived,had arrived),an hour before.,3.After/When he _(has done,had done)his job,he,went to bed.,4.I waited till he _(has finished,had finished)his,work.,5.When I got there,he _(has been,had been)away,for half an hour.,6.I went back to the classroom because I _(have,left,had left)my dictionary there.,
