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1、大学英语四级考试,翻译题型,Az,新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。分值比例：15%考试时间：30分钟。内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展 长度：140-160个汉字；,大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准,例文,许多人喜欢中餐。在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪却都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。Many people en
2、joy Chinese food.Cooking is looked upon as an art as well as a skill in China.A carefully prepared Chinese dish is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful to look at.Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the country.But good cooking does have something in common.It always takes
3、into account color,flavor,taste and nutrition.As food is vital to health,good cooks always strive to strike a balance between grains,meats and vegetables,so Chinese dishes are both delicious and healthy.,14分（13-15分）：译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（有少量不明显的小错，如冠词、单复数、时态、介词、用语不确切等。2处，15分；5处，14分
4、；7处左右13分。）（14分参考译文）Many people enjoy Chinese food.In China,cooking is not only viewed as a skill but also regarded as a form of art.A carefully-prepared Chinese dinner can be both tasty and good-looking.While cooking skills and the ingredients differ largely from place to place in China,fine cooking
5、 always has something in common,that is the consideration of color,flavor,taste and nutrition.Since food is vital to the health,a fine cook is always trying to achieve a balance between cereals,meat and vegetables.Therefore,the Chinese food is both delicious and healthy.,11分（10-12分）：译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字
6、基本通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。（有1个严重错句，12分；3处明显的语言错误，11分；4处，10分）。（11分参考译文）Many people like Chinese food.In China,cooking is regarded not only as a kind of skill but also as a kind of art.Chinese food,which is prepared carefully,is both delicious and good-looking.Cooking skills and ingredients differ greatly from
7、place to place in China.However,good cooking shares one thing in common:color,taste,feel and nutrition are always under consideration.Since food is of vital importance to health,good cooks are always trying to be balanced with grain,meat and vegetables.As a result,Chinese food is delicious and healt
8、hy.,8分（7-9分）：译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。（5个句子正确或基本正确，9分；4个句子正确或基本正确，8分；3个句子正确或基本正确，7分）。（8分参考译文）Many people love Chinese food.In China,cooking is not only regarded as a kind of skill,but also art.Well-prepared Chinese dishes taste good besides look good.There is a big different in cooking
9、 skills and ingredients between different parts of China.But one thing which is common in good dishes is that they all consider about the color,the tasting and the nutrition.As food is so important to health,good cookers always try to make a balance between corn,meat and vegetables.As a result,Chine
10、se dishes are delicious and healthy.,5分（4-6分）：译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误。（内容基本表达，有2个句子正确6分；1个句子正确5分；没有一个正确句子，但有两三个句子有小错4分。）（5分参考译文）Many people like Chinese food.Cooking is not only a skill but also it is a kind of art.It is delicious and beautiful that Chinese meals are careful prepared.It is
11、 differently in cooking and material beside in Chinese.But,good meals have a common point which color teast and nutrition are though about.Then a good cooker is always trying their best to balance it from meat vegetable and so on.Therefore,Chinese meals are delicious and healthy.,2分（1-3分）：译文支离破碎。除个别
12、词语或橘子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。（内容基本表达，但所有的句子都有错误或严重错误。严重错误少的给3分，多的给2分。）（2分参考译文）Many people like China food.In China,only a technolege make food,and also an artist.Good food is eated fine and seems fine.How make food and make the food need what is different in different place in China.But make food good just
13、only thing the foods color taste,feel make people and nutrition.Food is importand for health,so good people that make food is use more power for better on meat and vegitable,so Chinese food is taste good and more health.,考生如何在强化阶段复习翻译，又如何在考试中夺取高分呢？词汇和长难句是攻克翻译这座大山的不二法宝。关注特殊词汇，学习日常生活词语 段落翻译的重点依然是词汇，特别
14、是较为特殊的翻译类词汇，通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。,汉译英解题方法,1.阅读原文，理解原文，获得总体印象。2.处理原文句子，正确断句，合句，找准主语。理解原文中的语言现象和逻辑关系，注意汉英两种语言的不同表达习惯，综合翻译技巧进行翻译。,3.修改，对译文修正、加工、润饰。第一步：对照原文一句一句修改，看原文内容、思想是否准确表达出来；有无漏译、错译、曲解的地方；译文语言是否通顺。第二步：脱离原文，反复阅读后进行修改。看上下文有无不连接的地方，前后有无矛盾、重复的地方，有无逻辑不通的地方。,写长难句可增加得分点,段落翻译的另一
15、难点就是长难句的攻克，平时加大对长难句的分析，考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等,注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和写。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提高语言组织能力。同时，长难句的翻译不是一气呵成的，要练习如何打草稿，保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题，通过平时的草稿练习，也锻炼下打草稿的清晰程度
16、，避免在誊写时丢掉一些东西。,汉语 VS 英语 不同表达习惯,1.As long as the green mountains are there,one should not worry about firewood.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。2.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了,春天还会远吗?,1.This book has already been translated into Chinese.这本书已经翻译成中文了。4.It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China.
17、希望你有机会来中国访问。,一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词”五、英语多被动，汉语多主动 六、英语多变化，汉语多重复 七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体 八、英语多引申，汉语多推理,英汉结构差异,连接方式：汉语隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意合(parataxis);英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合(hypotaxis)组句方式：汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排列，呈链状；英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以及限定语，形成严谨的树状结构。,汉语段落可
18、以包含一个或一个以上的主题；而英语段落一般只有一个主题，如往往有一个明显的主题句（主题句多置于句首），其他句子则层层展开，以支持主题句,1.正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。e.g.在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，垒起来可达桌子高。思路：SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。问题：垒起来怎么处理？In that year and a half,the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory,if stacked up,could reach the table fro
19、m the floor.,结构差异带来的启示,2.掌握内在联系正确断句我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。Mr.Wang,the head teacher responsible for our class,was over fifty.He had a square-shaped face with a full beard.,结构差异带来的启示,汉译英的基本技巧,翻译技巧,1.句子语法结构分析,2.用词搭配,3.把握句内/间逻辑关系,4.整合检查,翻译的基本方法：直译意译,直译：保持原文内容、又保持原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。意译：只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更
20、多考虑英语的特点。如：我们的朋友遍天下。Our friends are all over the world.(直译)We have friends all over the world.（意译）,直译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法可以并用,下面分别从词、句角度分析翻译技巧,1、词的翻译1.1 词义的确定1.2 词类转换1.3 词的增补（1）语法需要（2）意思表达需要（3）文化背景解释需要1.4 词的减省1.5 词的替代,词的翻译,正确选词是保证译文质量的重要前提。主要应根据上下文正确理解原文的词义。,1.1词义选择,（1）日服三次，每次一片 To be taken three times
21、 a day,one tablet each time.（2)你说得有道理，我服了。What you said is reasonable.Im convinced.（3）他不服指导。He refused to obey directions.,诗人应具有丰富想象力。A poet should have rich imagination.真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。What a pity!Youve got into wild flights of fancy.,张将军真是足智多谋啊！General Zhang is really wise and resourceful.那个敌参谋长可是诡计
22、多端的呀！The enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks.,苏州是吴文化的发源地，苏绣、绘画、篆刻、昆曲、评弹苏剧以及饮食、服饰、语言等融汇成其丰富的内涵。,Suzhou is the cradle of Wu Culture,which covers Suzhou Embroidery,painting,seal cutting,Kunqu Opera,Suzhou Ballad Singing,and Suzhou Opera as well as the local cuisine,costume and dialect.,1.2 词
23、类的转换,词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类。,常见的词类转换现象1,常见的词类转换现象2,常见的词类转换现象2,常见的词类转换现象3,词性的转换1）名词转换成动词例如a：改革开放政策受到了全国人的拥护。译文：The reform and opening-up policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.Eg b.他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.(名词变动词),2)动词转化成名词例如：他善于观察译文：He is a good obse
24、rver.3)形容词变名词eg.你说他傻不傻？Dont you think he is an idiot?,4)名词转换成形容词例如：在这紧张的时刻，他感到非常害怕。译文：The intensity of the moment filled his mind with fear.,5.动词变形容词 杭州历来盛情招待来自全世界的游客和客商。,Hangzhou has long been hospitable to the tourists and businessmen from all over the world,6动词变名词）.她漂亮得无法形容。,Her beauty is beyond
25、description,国家采取各种措施，切实保护妇女各项权利不受侵犯。,The State has adopted measures to effectively protect womens rights against infringement.,2001年，中国成功地取得了2008年夏季奥运会的举办权。,In the year of 2001,China was selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.,1.3 词的增补,汉英两种语言由于用词造句的规律不同，因而在表达同一内容是需要在译文中增补原文中没有的词。（1）语法需要（2）意思表达需要（
26、3）文化背景解释需要,教室太吵，宿舍太闷，校园里的树林中，小河边，假山旁，芳草上全是同学知己，一个个手捧书本，口中念念有词。,As the classroom was too noisy and the dorm too stuffy,I went outdoors,only to find the fellow students everywhere in the woods,by the brooks,beside the rockery,and on the lawn,all with books in their hands and reading the texts aloud.,北
27、京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions:the Great Wall,the Forbidden City,the Summer Palace etc.,（2）为了保证译文意思明确而增词.,增补的词有：原文中暗含而无需明言的词、概括性词和注释性词语。例如：1、班门弄斧。Show off ones proficiency before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.2、三个臭皮匠，合成一个
28、诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang,the master mind.,1.我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。2.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,Practice Please.,1.我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。I dont think it difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.2.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind
29、.,增加形式主语 it,增连词,Practice Please.,1.4.减词:,汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种修辞手段有两种作用。一是为了强调，重复表达一个意思，或增添修饰语，加强语气。二是为了便于词语搭配，或平衡节奏，增加可读性。这些在汉语里习以为常的重复词语或句式，到了英语里要么不合逻辑，要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这个春天吧！Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring,which is one of the revolution,
30、of the people,and of science.,1 见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。2 他连续讲了两小类时的法语，没有出现任何错误。,Practice Please.,见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。The sight of his hometown called back his childhood.他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes.,Practice Please.,情景,没有出现,省名词,(省动词),句子的翻译一、主语的选择（Th
31、e Selection of Subjects）主语的选择有三种方法：选择原句的主语；选择原句中别的成分作主语；增添主语二、谓语的选择（The Selection of Predicates）动词使用时要符合时态、语态、语气三个语法范畴的要求，同时，数、时、体上和主语保持一致，必须与主语、宾语、甚至其他成分搭配自然。三、语序的改变（The Change of Word Order）汉语重视：时序律；范围律（英语相反）；主客律与表里律（英语也存在）；因果律四、衔接方式的调整（The Adjustment of Cohesive Devices）指称衔接（referential cohesion）
32、;逻辑衔接（logical cohesion）;词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）,2.语态转换,在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。如果一味按照汉语原句的语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。门锁好了。The door has been locked up.新教材在印刷中。New textbooks are being printed.,HINTS：e.g.通常中文中的主语过于宽泛的时候，如“人们”、“别人”、“这”等，可以转化成英文的被动语态，省略原来的主语原文：现在人们必须采取措施来保护环境。,译文：Measures should b
33、e adopted/taken to protect the environment.,3.分译&合译(按内容层次分译),分译：需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。Youth will soon be gone，never to return.And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining ye
34、ars.她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。Looking through the window,she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank.In it there was a boatman fast asleep.,(按内容层次分译),(从主语变换处分译),合译：相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，因此在翻译中，要把汉语的两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句，使译文紧凑、简练。对我来说，我的电脑就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。To me my computer is like my own little kingdom
35、 where I am king.第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 words,giving more details.,从主语变换处合译,按内容连贯合译,4.正、反表达翻译,I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达他提出的论据相当不充实。The argument he put forward is pretty thin.他七十岁了，可是并不显老。He was 70,but he carried his years lightly.II.
36、汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达她来得正是时候。She couldnt have come at a better time.对于汉译英，你越细心越好。You can never be too careful about Chinese-English translation.,5.变序,从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。Unique local creations are available in Xian,such as the three colored glazed pottery
37、of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures.(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免”of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。),Practice makes perfect!,样卷,PartIVTranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.Youshouldwriteyour answeronAnswerSheet2.,样题,剪纸（papercut
38、ting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（theMingandQingDynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。,剪纸（papercutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts.讲解：1.传统民间艺术形式：翻译为traditio
39、nal folk art,其中folk意为“民间的，民俗的”，art既可以表示“艺术”这一抽象概念，也可以表示具体的“艺术形式”，所以直接翻译为art即可，不必加form词。,中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（theMingandQingDynasties）特别流行Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.,人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰
40、门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations,in particular,paper cuttings are used to decorate doors,windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.美化居家环境：“美化”即beautify，“居家环境”翻译成their homes即可，不要逐字生硬地翻译为home envi
41、ronment。3.增加喜庆的气氛：翻译为enhance the joyous atmosphere。,剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red,which symbolizes health and prosperity.4.象征健康和兴旺：翻译为which symbolizes health and prosperity,此处既可以用非限制性定语从句，也可以用分词形式symbolizing health and prosperity。,中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友
42、人的礼物。Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.,实例,总结一年来的工作，我们清醒地看到，经济社会发展中还存在不少问题和困难。必须坚持把人民群众利益放在第一位。要切实维护人民群众的经济、政治和文化权益，着力解决关系群众切身利益的突出问题，保障城乡困难群众的基本生活。不断满足人们日益增长的物质文化需要，是社会主义现代化建设的根本目的。只有执政为民，我们的各项事业才能获得最广泛最可靠的群众基础和力量源泉。,总结一年来的工
43、作，我们清醒地看到，经济社会发展中还存在不少问题和困难。In reviewing our work of the past year,we clearly see that many problems and difficulties remain in our economic and social development.总结用review，在这里用了现在分词形式，不失为一种简单而又正式的方式。注意“经济社会发展”的表达方式：in economic and social development.,必须坚持把人民群众利益放在第一位。We must always put the interes
44、ts of the people first.这句话翻译起来比较简单，注意“把.放在第一位”put.first。,要切实维护人民群众的经济、政治和文化权益，着力解决关系群众切身利益的突出问题，保障城乡困难群众的基本生活。We must truly protect the peoples economic,political and cultural rights and interests,pay particular attention to solving acute problems affecting their vital interests,and ensure that poor
45、 urban and rural residents have the basic necessities of life.翻译整段，必然会有个别长句，这就需要我们把握整体结构，表明大意即可。,着力解决关系群众切身利益的突出问题”，翻译的时候，没有完全按照汉语语序，而是把“关系群众切身利益”翻译为现在分词作后置定语结构 affecting their vital interests。维护人民群众的经济、政治和文化权益 protect the peoples economic,political and cultural rights and interests着力解决.pay particul
46、ar attention to solving（记住，pay attention to doing/sth 这个固定结构）,不断满足人们日益增长的物质文化需要，是社会主义现代化建设的根本目的。The fundamental goal of our socialist modernization drive is to continually meet the growing material and cultural needs of the people.这句话翻译出来，也是将汉语语序颠倒后进行的翻译。用了to do不定式做表语。这句话大家可以完全背诵下来。,只有执政为民，我们的各项事业才能
47、获得最广泛最可靠的群众基础和力量源泉。Only if we exercise power for the good of the people can we enjoy the broadest and most reliable support from the people and draw from them the strength for accomplishing all our undertakings.只有.才.这个结构需要用到英文结构only if。后半句汉语很复杂，所以英语翻译时，用了两个and连接的分句，来更清楚正确地表达汉语的意思。执政为民 exercise power
48、 for the good of the people 我们的各项事业 all our undertakings,练习 1,中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放（reform and opening up）以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。,key 1,中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。China will deve
49、lop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises.,key 1,改革开放（reform and opening up）以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。Since Chinas reform and opening up,Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterpris
50、es in terms of economy and technology,and have scored great achievement.,海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth,but also benefited from the cooperation.,中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。Chinese government will continue to off
