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1、非谓语动词,V-ing 形式,不定式,过去分词,1.非谓语中的主语和主句中的主语是一致的：2.但是独立主格却和主句主语不一样,因此是独立的主格.eg:The woman look around the shop,keeping an eye on her baby.Spring coming,the flowers are coming out.Hearing the exciting news,everybody was excited.Having been there many times,he is quite familiar with the place.The policeman
2、 entered the dark room,gun in hand.,非谓语,非谓语,非谓语,独立主格,独立主格,独立主格结构：形式：npron+其他成分（doingdone to do n.adj.adv介词短语）在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子，相当于状语，表示时间、原因、条件、或伴随等情况。It being Sunday,they had no classes.The signal given,the train started.The children were making a snowman,hands red with cold.He sat in t
3、he chair,book in hand and pipe in mouth.,原因,时间,伴随,伴随,n.pron.+doing/to do/done_(因为他很诚实),we like him._,I had a good rest.(所有的窗子都擦完了)_,a man came up with a practical solution.(正讨论这个问题时),He being honest,All the windows cleaned,The question being discussed,大多数的独立主格结构可以用“with+宾语+宾语补足语”来代替。1）He lay there,h
4、is hands behind his head.(=with his hands behind his head)非谓语动词的独立主格结构：“名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。1.不定式构成的独立主格结构（表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中做原因状语、条件状语）Lots of homework to be done,I have to stay at home.,2.动词-ing 形式构成的独立主格结构：如动词-ing 形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就要用动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构（在句中常做 时间状语、原因、条件、方式状语）1)表时间Th
5、e audience having seated themselves,the concert began.2)表方式或伴随The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.,表原因The guide leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest.=As the guide led the way,表条件：Weather permitting,we will go on an outing to the beach now.(=I
6、f weather permits)Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(=If such is the case),3.动词-ed 形式构成的独立主格结构（是由逻辑主语+动词-ed形式 构成，常做时间、原因、伴随、条件状语）1)表时间The task completed,we had a global traveling.=The task having been completed=After the task was completed,2)表方式或伴随When in trouble,Tom would s
7、it alone,head bent.3)表原因Thousands of eyes fixed upon her,Mary felt on edge.,4).表条件More time and money given,we can finish the work in advance.(=If more time and money are given,)注意：不定式往往表示没有发生或即将发生 动词-ing 形式表示正在进行的动作或状态动词-ed 形式表示已经完成和被动的行为,So many windows to clean,I had to devote the whole afternoon
8、.All the windows cleaned,I had a good rest.3.The question being discussed,a man came up with a practical solution.,将要,完成、被动,进行,独立主格结构中的being 和 having been常省略1）。The football match(being)over,crowds of people poured out into the street.2).Nobody(being)in,I didnt enter the hall.3).All the windows(being
9、)open,the air in the room is fresher.4).All the tickets(having been)sold out,we had to wait for the next weeks show.,注意：1.)当独立主格中的being done 表示“正在被做时”，being 此时不可省。Food being cooked,I fell asleep.2).当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是 it,there 时，being 常不省。It being fine,we can go to the beach.There being no time left,we ha
10、d to speed up.,While walking on the playground,_.a ball hit me B.my head was hit by a ball C.I was hit by a ball D.he was badly wounded 2._,he went out to play basketball.The exercise done B.on the exercises C.Having been done the exercises D.The exercises having finished,3._,the reward was given to
11、 him.A.Being honest B.As an honest boy C.He being honest D.He was honest 4._ _ no bus,we had to go home by bus.A.Being B.There being C.There was 5 _ fine,we went out for a picnic.A.Being B.It being C.It was,1 如果天气许可,我们就去参观长城。Weather permitting,well go to visit the Great Wall.2 他开着窗睡着了。He fell asleep
12、 with the window open.3 所有的书都卖光了,他们只好回家。All the tickets having been sold out,he had to go home,4 房子里有两个房间,小的那个当书房There are two rooms in the house,the smaller of them serving as a study room.5 昨天晚上那里起火了,有几个人丧生,大多数逃离了火海A fire broke out last night,a few men killed,most being able to escape from the fire,
