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1、,动词非谓语形式,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,独立主格结构,动名词,1.作主语,2.作表语,3.作宾语,4.作定语,一、动名词的形式,Writing the book has taken up all his spare time.Seeing is believing.,动名词作主语,A)1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._,Dying,Talking,Helping,Seeing,Seating,注：动名词（短语）做主语还常用于下列结构：a.Its no use sending him over.Its too late already.Its no good talking a
2、 lot without doing anything.Its a waste of time arguing about it.b.Theres no joking about such matters.Theres no saying what hell be doing next.Theres no telling what hes going to do.,注：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如：Its no use crying ove
3、r spilt milk.(抽象)He realized that to go on like this was no use.(具体),B)1._ 2._ 3._,sitting,saying,telling,在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换：a.当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如：Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.b.动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：Its no use d
4、oing;Its no good doing Its a waste of time doing,而在Its important/Its necessary/Its advisable/Its essential/Its fitting 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：Its important to learn foreign languages.Its quite necessary to read it many times.,B)关于逻辑主语的问题:1._ 2._,D.Mikes coming,C.your pretending,动名词作表语,Their job is building
5、houses.His job is raising pigs.注：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较：My favourite sport is swimming.The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.,注：动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别：动名词作表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。现在分词作表语时相当于形容词，说明主语的
6、特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very,quite等副词来修饰，如：My job is looking after the children.This cake is very inviting.The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.,2.动名词作表语1._ 2._ 3._,looking,going,biting,动名词作宾语,能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类：一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid,admit,consider,delay,advise,dislike,enjoy,escape,exc
7、use,finish,give up,cant help,imagine,keep(on),dont mind,miss,practise,put off,stop,go on,resist,suggest等.另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin,continue,forget,hate,intend,like,love,plan,prefer,propose,regret,remember,start,try,want,need,cant afford等。,2.动名词作宾语1._ 2._ 3._4._ 5._6._7._,going,putting,havi
8、ng,being fined,biting,working;spending,seeing,1._ 2._ 3._4._ 5._,staying,being,waiting;to help,pooh-poohing,writing,1._ 2._ 3._ 4._5._,selling,giving,leaving,being flooded,smoking,动名词与不定式的不同含义：1)be afraid to do 不敢、害怕去做某事 be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现 _2)forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）forget doing sth.忘记做过了
9、某事（已 做）_,to wake;of waking,turning;to turn,3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未做）remember doing sth.记着做了某事（已做）_4)stop to do sth.停下来做某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事5)regret to do sth.遗憾地做某事（未做）regret doing sth.后悔/遗憾做某事（已做）_6)try to do sth.尽力做 try doing sth.试着做_,meeting;to leave,going;to tell,to do;doing,7)mean to d
10、o sth.打算做 mean doing sth.意味着做 _8)go on to do sth.继续做(不同的事情)go on doing sth.继续做(同一件事情)10)_ _9)cant help doing 忍不住/情不自禁做 cant help(to)do 不能帮助做,delaying;to go,to be rebuilt;rebuilding,to be educated;educating,cant help but do sth.不得不,只好,1._ 2._ 3._9)1._ 2._ 3._,thinking,to lend,cry,buying,to have takin
11、g,to have been sent,动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：insist on/think of/dream of/object to/hear of/prevent from/keep from/stop from/feel like/be engaged in/look forward to/depend on/thank for/excuse for/devote to/set about/spend in/get(be)used to/be fond of/be afraid of/be tired of/succeed in/be inter
12、ested in/be,proud of/burst out/give up 等，如：He insisted on seeing us home.They all objected to putting the meeting off.Are you interested in going to the show?I dont feel like eating anything.She is afraid of falling behind the others.,动名词作定语,注意,动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作
13、、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。,drinking cup living room typing paper waiting room writing desk washing machine walking stick teaching method,二、动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。动名词的复合结构有下列用法：作主语：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.作表语：Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.作宾语：D
14、o you mind my reading your paper?作介词宾语：,They insisted on my staying there for supper.有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。,1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词或代词所有格；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)coming is what we have expected.She didnt mind Jack/Jacks(him/his)com
15、ing here.2.逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用普通格 Is there any hope of our winning the match?,3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词 this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone,只用普通格。She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.,三、动名词的完成形式与被动形式,动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作（即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作）或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作，如：e.g They are all intereste
16、d in climbing mountains.如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式，e.g.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.,I dont remember having ever promised you that.注：在某些动词之后（或在成语中）常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作，如：Excuse me for coming late.当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，,Th
17、is question is far from being settled.He did it without being asked.He didnt mind being left at home.They couldnt stand being treated like that.如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作 之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完 成被动形式，如：,注意,I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.,V+-ing 形式用法归纳现 1、作表语(与动名词的区别）在 2、作宾补（能跟现在分词作
18、宾补的动词）分 3、作定语（与动名词的区别）词 4、作状语动 1、作主语名 2、作表语(与现在分词的区别）词 3、作宾语（能跟动名词作宾语的动词）4、作定语（与动名词的区别）,分词：分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。一般式 完成式现在分词 doing having done having been done过去分词 done,分词,现在分词,作表语,现在分词作表语表示主语 所具有的性质或特征,意思“令人 如何如何”。The play is exciting.,注意,*过去分词作表语多表示主语所 出的状态。e.g.His lecture is
19、interesting.Im interested in it.,1)1._ 2._ 3._ 4._,finishing,guarding,interesting;interested,encouraging,作状语,(1)表示时间,相当于时间状语 从句.如果分词表示持续性 动作,前面可带有:while,when e.g.While/When looking through the paper,I noticed a few mistakes.(2)表示原因,相当于原因状语从句,(3)表示条件,相当于条件状语从句(4)表示伴随状态,相当于and连接的并列句.(5)表示方式,通常在动词 stan
20、d,go,come,sit 后用现在分词.e.g.He stood leaning against the wall。,注意,现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别*分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing/having done，不能发出分词的动作用被动 done/having been dong。分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing(用一般式)，如发生在谓语动词之前，(用完成式)having done。,分词和不定式作状语的区别:(1)目的状语通常用不定式,不用分词(2)作结果状语时,不定式常用于表示出乎意料的结果,而分词则表示一种自然的结果.e.
21、g I went to his house,only to find he was out.He dropped the cup,breaking it into piece.(3)分词常用于表示方式或伴随情况的状语中,这类句子常可改写为并列句.,注意,1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._ 6._ 7._ 8._ 9._ 10._ 11._ 12._,Seeing,Turning,Having watered,Having finished,Having been inspired,Having been persuaded,praised,Arriving,Having sent,Surr
22、ounded,armed,crossing,13._ 14._15._ 16._17._ 18._19._ 20._21._ 22._23._ 24._25._ 26._ 1.Seen 2.they washed the dishes 3.Left,Walking,criticized,expected,planned,told,Given,to save,to improve,to pass,trying,to find,leaving,making,getting,一些独立结构:1._ 2._ 3._B)1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._,speaking,Judging,To tel
23、l,listening,looking,followed,adding,criticized,作宾补,分词作宾补一般用于下列动词;(1)用于表示感觉心理状态的动 词:see,hear,feel,notice,find,watch(2)用于表示”使役”意义的动词:keep,get,catch,leave,set,make,have(3)在动词like,want,wish,order 结构中用 过去分词作宾补 He didnt like this novel discussed in the newspaper.,分词和不定式作宾补的区别:在感觉动词后宾补可用现在分词也 可用不定式,意义不同:1)
24、现在分词表示动作正在进行,强调过程;不定式表示动作全过程2)现在分词表示反复的动作,不定式表,注意,1 _ 2._ 3._4._ 5._ 6._7._ 8._ 9._,play,playing,sung,broken,stolen,tell,criticize,undone,taking,作定语,现在分词作定语表示正在进行中 的动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。过去分词则表示被动或动作已经完成。,示一次性的动作。,rising sun(正在升起的太阳)risen sun(已升起的太阳),注意,动名词作定语表示性质或用途。a washing machin
25、e a machine for washing a swimming pool a pool for swimming,4)A 1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._ 6._ 7._ 8._B)1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._5)1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._,speaking,praised,put,being put,to be put,standing,to be held,living,to come,to get,to do,to say,to read,surprising;surprised,interesting,exciting,worried,dissatis
26、fied,独立主格结构,独立主格结构是以一个单独的主格代词或主格(也叫通格)名词,作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词不定式形容词副词或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语而构成的复合结构。其作用相当于状语从句或状语,在句中用来表示时间,原因,条件,行为方式或伴随情况。这种结构多用于书面语中。,(一)独立主格结构的常见形式:名词/代词+现在分词 The bell ringing,the children went into the classroom.The guests having left,she began to clean the room.(2)名词/代词+过去分词 Water heated to a h
27、igh temperature,we can see steam rising from it.(3)名词/代词+动词不定式,We divide the work,he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.(4)名词/代词+形容词 The students were listening to the teacher,their eyes wide open.,注意,这种结构与”主系表”结构相似,非谓语动词being 往往省略,但当being的逻辑主语是代词时,being不能省略.It being fine,the children wen
28、t to the park.,(5)名词/代词+副词 The lecture over,we left the hall.(6)名词/代词+介词短语 The old man sat on the chair,a pipe in his hand.(7)名词/代词+名词 Her son a bus driver,she goes to the city easily.(8)There being+名词/代词 There being your help,Ill be perhaps able to complete the task.,(9)It being+表示”时间,距离,天气”等概念的名词
29、It being too cold,people got up quite late in the morning.(二)独立主格结构的句型转换1)转换成状语从句2)转换成并列句3)转换成”with复合结构”,注意,1.独立主格结构多用于在主语不 同的状语中,而分词短语多用于在主语相同的状语中。,(2)表时间,条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,而表示原因的却可前可后,表伴随的则常用在句末。(3)状语从句或并列结构改为独立主格结构时,不能跟分词一样保留连词。(4)独立主格结构的being/having been 在下列情况下不能省略:当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词。在There being+名/代
30、词的结构中。在 It being+名/代词的结构中。(5)独立主格结构表原因,时间时通常也用完成时。,独立主格结构:1._ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5._B)6._ 7._ 8._ 9._ 10._ 11._ 12._ 13._ 14._,being,being,being given,permitting,teaching,to give,leading,stopping,turned,staring,supporting,done,closed,exposed,练习1:用独立主格结构完成下列句子1._(没事可做),I went out for a walk in the park.2._(
31、雨后),they continued their journey to the hill.3.“Mama!”Wang Lin cried suddenly,_(泪流满面).4._(钱用完了),we started looking for work.练习2:用独立主格结构改写句子,There being nothing to do,The rain being over,tears rolling down his cheek,All the money having been used up,1.When the students had taken their seats,the speak
32、er began with his talk.2.When the work is done,we can have a good rest.3.As there was no pen,I had to write the letter with a pencil.4.When the summer vacation was over,Jack returned to school from the hometown.,The students having taken the seats,The work done,The students having taken the seats,The summer vacation being over,
