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1、English For,Debate,What is a Debate?,?,A debate is a form of argument.It contains two,teams arguing opposite sides of a,“proposition”,in,an orderly manner,following the agreed upon,rules.,?,The team that agrees with the topic is called the,affirmative,and the team that disagrees with the,topic is ca
2、lled the,negative,.,?,Teams argue their proposition using,reasoning,and,evidence,.,The Benefits of a Debate,?,develop positive attitudes toward the intellectual,exchange of ideas,?,develop an interest in the investigation of issues,and problems,?,become more adept at developing and putting,forward i
3、deas,?,learn to think quickly,?,learn to work as a team,?,develop leadership skills,?,develop speaking and listening skills.,To be a good debater,you need,?,the confidence,to speak in public.,?,the ability,to present an argument persuasively.,?,the vision,most arguments.,to understand that there are
4、 two sides to,?,the respect,for others,to let them have their say.,?,the sense,speak in a given time period.,of timing,to prioritize your material and,?,the structure,introduce,develop and summarize your,to order your thoughts,to,points.,?,the,current affairs topics,learnt through,general and specif
5、ic,knowledge,of many,research and debate.,?,the flexibility,and to remain unflustered in crises.,to react quickly to new ideas,Preparing for a debate,you should learn,?,to use a library,and to find the exact information,you need in the shortest possible time.,?,to be thorough and accurate.,?,to anal
6、yze,to distinguish between the vital and the,unimportant.,?,to learn the need of proving your statements;of,supporting every statement with valid evidence,and sound reasoning,?,to demand the same sort of proof for the,statements of others.,?,to present ideas in a clear and effective manner,and in a
7、way,which wins others to your way of,thinking.,?,to think under pressure,to“use his head”in a time,of need,to make decisions quickly and accurately.,?,How to Construct,Effective Arguments,Language,?,Accurate pronunciation,?,Articulation,?,Diverse pace and pitch,?,V,ocabulary.,?,Avoid speaking too qu
8、ickly.,?,Try to avoid being too nervous,Content,?,Content can be divided into,arguments,and,supporting materials,.,?,An argument is a statement“The topic is,true or false(depending on which side you,are on)because of x”,where the argument,fills in for the x.,?,For example in the topic“That the zoos,
9、should be closed”an argument may be:“the,zoos should be closed because they confine,the animals in an unnatural environment”.,?,The most important aspect of debating is,that,assertions must be justified,.No one,can be convinced or persuaded of anything,if they are given no reason for doing so.,That
10、is to say you should use materials to,support your arguments.,?,Supporting materials can be,examples,.,Your arguments can also be backed up with,other supporting materials,like,reasons,statistics,and even with,anecdotes,idioms,proverbs,quotations and analogies.,Delivery,?,Cue cards,Do not write out
11、all your speech on cue cards.,Debating is an exercise in lively interaction,between two teams and between the audiences,not,in reading a speech,.The audience can tell when,you are reading.Use cue cards the same way you,would use a prompt(,提示词）,in a play.They are,there for reference if you lose your
12、spot.,Eye contact,Voice,Body language,Remember,Confidence,is vital in debate.,Your presentation,speech,and appearance matter almost as much as,your delivery and your content.,So,?,Dress appropriately,?,Have notes prepared.,You do not want your debate to,be an oral presentation of a written essay.,?,
13、Practice speaking aloud in front of a mirror and then,in front of other people.,Refute arguments,?,Refutation is,the process of proving,that an,argument or a series of arguments,or the,conclusions drawn from that argument or,arguments,is false,erroneous,or at least doubtful.,In a debate,effective re
14、futations are key to,success.Refutation should be handled,systematically.,Guidelines to follow,?,Anticipate what your opponent will say.,?,Take careful notes of what your opponent says,and note your reactions to what is said.,?,Find your opponents fallacies in arguments,and attack on that basis,?,Or
15、ganize your arguments effectively.,Avoid fallacies in arguments,?,Making effective and logical arguments,is the most effective key to success in a,debate.,?,To make your arguments sound,you,have to be careful about fallacies in,reasoning,.,Typical fallacies,?,Emotional argument,Emotional arguments a
16、re based on feelings,not logic.,For example,Listen!I love New Zealand.I,love the All Blacks,the Tall Ferns.We should,get down on our knees and thank the,sporting gods for them,”,?,Doubtful authority,An argument supported by a person who is not,accepted as an expert is considered,ineffective.,Here is
17、 one example:,Let us consider the questions of sport.My Dad,told me that the America,s Cup is organized for,millionaires,and funded by the money the,Australians pay us to lose to them in all sports.,?,Circular argument,You should avoid arguments that go round and,round but never get to the point.For
18、 example:,Segregation should be prohibited for it is morally,wrong;we know it is morally wrong because it is a,practice that should be prohibited.,?,Irrelevant conclusion,Another typical type of fallacy is forming,an argument that can not be proved by the,ideas put forward.,For instance:,that on thi
19、s planet we are the,All these points go to show,sporting nation ever!,greatest,?,Limited example,You should avoid an argument which only applies,in a few situations.,Here is one example:,And what about Peter,Hillary climbing Everest?That is proof that we,are the worlds top climbing nation.,?,Persona
20、l attack,Personal attack means criticizing the speaker,instead of what they have said,Do not criticize the individual speakers,criticize,what they say,.,Oral Functions Bank,How to agree strongly with an,?,?,I couldnt agree more!,opinion,?,Thats absolutely true,?,Absolutely/Sure/Good idea.,?,Definite
21、ly/Exactly.,?,I agree completely/entirely with this idea.,?,I totally agree with you.,?,I take your point,?,Id go along with you,Im with you on that.,?,I,m for you/on your side.,?,I think so too.,?,You can say that again.,?,I don,t think so either.,?,That,say/what I mean/what I was,s just what I wan
22、t to,thinking.,?,Thats exactly what I think.,?,Thats a good point.,?,Thats just how I see it.,?,Thats exactly my opinion.,?,That sounds perfect/a good idea.,?,Sounds good to me.,?,I have no objection to it.,How to disagree strongly with,an opinion,?,Are you crazy?,?,What?,?,You must be joking.,?,Tha
23、t,s absurd/ridiculous!,?,Nonsense/Rubbish!,?,No way.,?,Just on the contrary/Just the,other way round.,?,I disagree,?,Im afraid I dont agree.,?,Im afraid you are wrong.,?,I think you are absolutely wrong!,?,I really cant agree.,?,I wouldnt accept that for one,minute.,?,You cant really mean that.,?,I
24、wouldnt go along with you there.,?,You cant be serious.,?,That,s your opinion,but not mine.,?,To tell you the truth,I have,different opinions.,?,You must be joking.,?,I think this idea is impossible,/impractical/bad.,?,I think this idea cannot be,implemented.,?,I dont agree with this idea.,?,I think
25、 it is a bad idea.,Half agree with an opinion,?,Yes,perhaps.,?,Well,yes.,?,Yes,in a way.,?,Mmm,possibly.,?,Yes,I agree up to a point.,?,Well,youve got a point there.,?,Theres something in that,I suppose.,I guess you could be right.,?,Yes,I suppose so.,?,I agree partially with this idea.,?,This idea
26、is partially right.,?,I sort of agree.,?,Thats worth thinking about.,?,Maybe.,How to disagree politely with,an opinion,?,I am not so sure really.,?,Do you think so?,?,Well,it depends.,?,Im not so certain.,?,Well,I dont know.,?,Well,lm not so sure about that.,?,Mmm,Im not really sure youre right.,?,?
27、,?,?,?,?,Im not sure that I agree with this idea.,Im inclined to disagree with that.,No,I dont think so really.,I think this idea is possible,but,The project is feasible,but,.,As a matter of fact,I would say,How to present both sides of,an argument,?,On the one hand.,on the other hand.,?,Although it
28、s true to say that.,its,also true to say that.,Assignment,Get ready to take part in a debate on the topic you are going,to choose.,Your debate should cover:,?,distribution of the roles,?,clear statement of your arguments,?,valid evidence and sound reasoning,?,brief and to the point summary,Time limi
29、t:,First debater:1 mins,Second&third debater:30 seconds,Last debater:1 mins,Free debate:10 mins,Topics for further debate,1.Can we live without our mobile phone?,2.Should college students be allowed to rent a,house off-campus?,3.Does EQ outweigh IQ for a successful career?,4.Children:to have or not
30、to have?,5.Is the College Entrance Examination the best,way for universities to enroll students in China?,6.Does the pursuit of money contradict with the,pursuit of morality?,Responsibilities,You are now a member of your selected team.,Your team will be graded as a whole.Be sure,that you work togeth
31、er so that all members of,your team have an adequate background of the,positions and arguments that you will be,proposing.,-1.There will be an opening statement made,by your team.This should be 1 minute long,and should state your teams position and,the arguments/solutions you will be proposing.,Resp
32、onsible Members:_,Useful Expressions,?,主席,?,chairman,?,评委,?,judge,?,一辩,?,first debater,?,二辩,?,second debater,?,对方辩友,?,my fellow debaters,?,正方,?,the positive side,?,反方,?,the con side,?,Honorable judges,distinguished guests,ladies and,gentlemen,Assessment,?,Presentation 20%,?,Questioning 5%,?,Answering 20%,?,Free debate 20%,?,Summarizing 20%,?,Demeanor 15%,
