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1、毕业论文（设计）（10届毕业生）题目：平菇原料发酵栽培技术学生姓名学生学号：10103110院系名称：长治职业技术学院农学系专业名称：生物技术及应用撰写论文起止日期：2012年12月7日毕业答辩通过日期：2012年12月25日指导老师：杨文斌 2012年12月24日摘要:食用菌是营养丰富、味道鲜美的食品，并且具有很高的药用价值，是人们公认的营养保健食品。以前人们采用短段木栽培平菇，但目前主要采用袋料栽培，在这主要介绍栽培中的熟料袋栽培，包括平菇的概述，熟料栽培的好处，孰料袋栽培技术（菌种准备，栽培季节的确定，培养料选择，确定栽培期，培养料的处理，培养料的配制，装袋灭菌，接种，发菌，出菇管理等方
2、面的内容）。关键词：平菇;熟料袋栽培。目录一、平菇的概述3二、熟料栽培的好处4三、熟料袋栽培技术41：菌种制备42：栽培季节的确定43：培养料选择54：培养料的处理55：培养料的配制56：装袋灭菌、接种、发菌66.1装袋灭菌66.2接种66.3发菌67：出菇期管理77.1催蕾分化阶段77.2原基期77.3桑椹期77.4珊瑚期77.5伸长期77.6成熟期77.7间歇期77.8后期埋土出菇8主要参考文献：8一、平菇的概述平菇是担子菌纲，伞菌目，侧耳科，侧耳属中可以栽培的一些种类。同时人们习惯把侧耳属中一些可以栽培的种或品种统称为平菇。平菇是全世界栽培最广泛的食用菌之一，也是各种食用菌中总产量最的食
3、用。 二、熟料栽培的好处熟料袋载是栽培平菇的基本方法。熟料栽培是指培养料配制后先经高温灭菌处理，然后进行播种和发菌的栽培方法。春夏、晚秋、冬季生料或发酵料袋栽不易播种时期以选用熟料方式较为理想。熟料栽培还有下列好处：1、高温灭菌后的培养料排除了杂菌和害虫的干扰，促进了料内营养物的分解，平菇菌丝生长速度快，繁殖量大，对培养料的吸收利用率高，可以获得稳定高产。2、熟料配方增产潜力大，而且还能充分利用各种营养贫瘠的培养料，如木屑、稻草、污染料等，为平菇培养料的广泛选择和合理搭配使用提供了可靠的技术保证。3、熟料栽培使人工控制能力得到加强，它即能够在低温下加温发菌、正常出菇，又能避免高温下非熟料栽培时
4、经常发生的“烧菌”现象，因而提高了单位种植面积的收益率。4、熟料栽培用种量少，一般为培养干料5%左右。5、熟料栽培出菇早，这在早秋出菇尤其明显，因熟料栽培菌丝生长缓慢、产温少、所接受的光照、环境变化时间长。因此，比生料、发酵料栽培更容易提早出菇。6、熟料栽培可周年进行。平菇适宜的栽培时间主要是根据平菇菌丝和子实体发育需要的环境条件而确定，我国幅员辽阔，不同地域气候也不相同，同一季节不同地区气温差别也较大。又因为国内平菇品种较多，高温、广温、中低温等各种温型的品种都有，只要品种合理搭配，孰料栽培平菇可以做到周年栽培出菇，一年四季连续供应市场。三、熟料袋栽培技术1：菌种制备 根据当地的气候条件及选
5、用的培养料类型，选择适合于本地区栽培的优良品种，并按照常规制种方法，播种时间，生产规模制出大量栽培种。一般1t原料需制备8瓶原种制成栽培种后用于栽培。2：栽培季节的确定平菇虽然有各种温型的品种，适宜一年四季栽培，但是平菇绝大部分品种属中、低温型，只不过是人为地选育了少数高温型来满足夏季生产需要，因此，春秋两季是平菇生产的旺季。根据不同的品种特性安排适宜的生产季节，保温措施和适当的栽培方式可获得栽培成功。一般根据平菇的特点，把出菇初始期往前倒推3040d为接种时期，然后再根据市场和生产的具体情况来做相应的调整。 3：培养料选择根据当地食用菌主要原料的来源和栽培品种对料的适应性来选择适宜的原料做主
6、料。采用科学配方进行合理的培养配制。一些常用栽培平菇的配方如下：（1）壳98%蔗糖1%石膏粉1%；（2）棉籽壳88%稻草屑10%过磷酸钙1%石膏粉0.5%石灰0.5%；（3）玉米芯74%麸皮24%过磷酸钙1%石膏粉0.5%石灰0.5%；（4）木屑78%麸皮20%蔗糖1%石膏粉1%；（5）棉籽壳94%菜籽饼5%石膏粉1%； (6) 高粱壳46%高粱壳粉35%麸皮15%石膏粉1%过磷酸钙1%石灰粉2%；（7）木屑83%麸皮或米糠15%蔗糖1%磷酸二氢钾0.2%石灰0.8%；（8）甘蔗渣90%麸皮6%钙镁磷肥2%石膏粉2%；（9）花生壳向日葵杆麻杆等用机器粉碎成屑后使用，料屑75%85%麸皮11%2
7、1%蔗糖1%过磷酸钙2%石膏粉1%.4：培养料的处理所选原料在使用前必须根据其性状做适当的处理。稻草草茎外表有蜡质层不利于菌丝分解，一般采用人工切断法、机械粉碎法、堆积发酵法、等进行处理。麦草草茎硬，蜡质层更厚，一般采用饲料粉碎机粉碎，但应换上筛孔直径为1cm左右的特制铁筛，粉碎成短丝片状。玉米芯应采用机械或人工粉碎成花生米大小。木屑一般加工成较大的颗粒。5：培养料的配制将准备好的原料按照配方确定的比例进行称取。配制时棉籽壳稻草玉米芯等主料与不溶于水的辅料如麸皮米糠等搅拌均匀，将糖等物质配制成水溶液的形式加入。经多次翻堆，使培养料充分吸收水分，依据培养料物质性状的不同，调节到合适的含水量。一般
8、掌握“三高三低”，即:（1）基质颗粒偏大或偏干，含水量应调高，反之应调低；（2）晴天水分蒸发量大，水分应略高些，阴天则应偏低；（3）拌料场地吸水性强，含水量应调高，反之应调低。用棉籽壳培养料拌料时，用手抓起一把拌好的原料，紧握一下水能从手指缝渗出，滴而不成线时，其含水量为65%左右；仅有水痕出现，含水量为60%左右。此外，料拌好后，必须堆成一堆，让水分充分渗入原料。料拌好后用pH试纸测定其pH,一般调至77.5为宜。如果偏碱，用柠檬酸来调节；若偏酸，用石灰粉调节。6：装袋灭菌、接种、发菌6.1装袋灭菌塑料袋选用宽度为2224,长度为4050cm规定的袋子。一般袋栽要让俩头出菇，那么在装料前就应
9、该先用口圈及纸，绳扎住袋子一端，以便装料时节省时间，这项工作在种菇的闲暇时就应准备好。具体做法是在剪好的筒料一端套上口圈，然后将袋口入口圈处翻下，在盖上一层牛皮纸，用细绳或胶皮套扎住即可。装袋时要松紧度适宜，一般边装料边用手压实，装至离袋口56cm时停止装料，用手轻轻压平表面，在用直径约2.5cm的木棒在袋料中间打一洞。装料时不宜过紧，太紧灭菌后袋子容易受热胀破，并且透气性差，菌丝生长慢；也不能太松，容易造成营养浪费。最好是装料后袋子挺直而不弯曲，两头料装得比中间要略紧一些。装好料的袋依次摆放于锅内架上，中间留出少许空隙，加水开始灭菌。初时加大火力，尽快使温度升到100；否则培养料易变酸。维持
10、810小时，待温度降至80时，再慢慢开门，取出料袋，放到无菌室中，准备接种。6.2接种经过灭菌后的料袋放入接种室冷却，然后按接种室空间，用药剂进行熏蒸消毒。袋料内温度降至28时方可接种。灭菌后的料袋不宜放置太久，否则杂菌污染的几率会增大。接种时，将菌种瓶表面的菌种剔除，用镊子把菌种取出接入料袋内。接种时，最好23人一组，解袋口、接种、封口连续进行.整个过程要严格无菌操作，动作要快，尽量缩短接种时间，防止杂菌的污染。6.3发菌接好菌的料袋移入培养室内进行发菌，所谓发菌就是指创造适宜的环境条件，来促进菌袋中的菌丝正常生长的过程。这一时期主要是调温、保温、通分和防止杂菌污染。适时播种，充分利用自然温
11、度发菌。夏季以45层为宜，冬季79层为宜，在2528室温下发菌，料内温度不能超过30。接种35天后，菌丝开始吃料，应检查杂菌，若发现污染则即刻清除。810天后，每天打开窗户通风换气，仍以保温为主。若菌丝完全不外放，则是菌种问题，应更换菌种或重新接种；若菌丝吃料很慢，则是培养料过湿或菌种衰退，应换上套环，外包灭菌纸，利于通气。正常情况58天翻袋1次，调换料袋位置，利于菌丝生长整齐。一般3035天，菌丝吃透料层，结成块，这时即准备出菇。7：出菇期管理将菌丝发满的料袋移入棚内，在相对湿度80%90%下出菇。出菇期是子实体形成和菇体成长阶段，这时的管理直接关系到产量的高低，其温、湿度与发菌期间有明显差
12、异。7.1催蕾分化阶段菌丝长满袋后，平菇开始由营养生长向生殖生长过渡。这时的料温不超过25，一般1820为宜。提高空气相对湿度85%90%，要有良好的通气和散射光刺激。且在袋口培养料的表面用粗铁丝耙动，轻轻除掉接种块周围的老菌丝，压平，换上直径5cm左右的塑料编织绳套环，外包干净纸。7.2原基期即菌丝纽接形成白色或淡黄色瘤状突起即为原基。这时不要揭掉包装纸，应加大地面和墙壁喷雾水量和喷水次数，不要直接对着料袋喷水，否则原基易死亡。7.3桑椹期即形成米粒状菌蕾胚芽。一般23天，这时不宜浇水，以控制相对湿度。7.4珊瑚期进入珊瑚期后，应及时揭开棚两边通风口，让空气在日夜24小时内都要形成对流。注意
13、:空气对流量要随珊瑚期到菇期逐渐加大，如果进入珊瑚期后，仍不通风，或空气不能形成对流，菇体将只长菌柄，不长盖，像金针菇一样。珊瑚期应缓慢进行，珊瑚期因需氧量还较少，敞开通风口四分之一即可，若风力太强，气流过快，会造成小菇干枯。湿度管理还是依照每天喷雾一次，如遇干燥天气，出菇部位也可喷雾。珊瑚期是夺取高产的关键时期，若管理得好，成菇率高；否则低，甚至绝大多数死亡。、取掉套环上的包裹纸，保留套环，这样既保证通气良好，又使菇体局限于套环中叠生长出，养分集中，菇多，大而肥厚，产量高。、喷水保湿。掌握“轻、勤、细”的原则，不宜在菇体上多喷水，应向空间多喷雾水。7.5伸长期子实体的菌丝和菇柄有了明显的区别
14、。此期每天喷水34次，尽量少喷菇体，多喷空间，晴天多喷，阴雨天少喷，每天打开通风窗换气12小时，并意遮荫；否则菌盖色黑而影响品种。7.6成熟期成熟前期可直接向菇体喷水，但不宜过多，要少、细、勤。后期忌喷水于菇体，采收前喷1次细水，以保持菌盖嫩。在孢子尚未弹射前及时采收。7.7间歇期每采完1潮菇，要及时清除死菇、烂菇、病菇及杂物等，停止喷水23天，让菌丝充分恢复并积累养分。34天后喷重水1次，保持空气相对湿度80%90%，温度1820之间，进行第2潮菇的管理。7.8后期埋土出菇将出菇的料筒两头清理干净，脱去塑料袋浸透水（最好配成营养液），然后开沟将菌筒排成一行，上面覆12cm厚细湿土，再洒少量清
15、水，覆盖薄膜。沟内浇水，以便保持湿度。出完菇可就地翻耕，混于土中，提高肥力，增加产量。待添加的隐藏文字内容2主要参考文献： 陈士瑜. 2003 . .北京 .中国农业出版社 常明昌. 2003 .北京.中国农业出版设 常明昌. 2002 .北京.中国农业出版设 刘 波 . 1974 .太原.山西科学教育出版社 黄年来. 1987 .南京.中国农业出版社 致谢首先要感谢杨老师的耐心指导和精心的修改，其次这门课程也让我学到了很多知识，也让我对食用菌有了更多的了解，再次给老师送上我真诚的感谢！Emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between emp
16、loyers and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisation
17、s listed underFurther help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to
18、 an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has tak
19、en against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about ha
20、ppened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your comp
21、ensation if you win the case. This is known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example,
22、at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch m Cay man Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-ra
23、cism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Ya ya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to sp
24、eak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CS
25、KA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same da
26、y; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已
27、经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New
28、Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is n
29、ot so important; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a
30、basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起
31、他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。A persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be de
32、termined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一
33、个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken
34、 into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场
35、还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, wit
36、h capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilome
37、ters) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. We often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the
38、hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活发生不幸时，我们常常会关上心门；世界不仅没能慰藉我们，反倒使我们更加消沉。我们假装一切仿佛都不曾发生，以此试图忘却伤痛，可就算隐藏得再好，最终也还是骗不了自己。
39、既然如此，何不尝试打开心门，拥抱生活中的各种可能，让世界感化我们呢？Whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.当恐惧与焦虑来袭时，我们应该退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六个方法有助于你更完满透彻地敞开心扉。Wh
40、enever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion thats fl
41、eeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us.当生活中出现痛苦的事情时，别再逃跑或隐藏痛苦，试着拥抱它吧；当悲伤来袭时，试着深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我们一味逃避生活中的悲伤，悲伤只会变得更强烈更真实悲伤原本只是稍纵即逝的情绪，我们却固执地耿耿于怀By utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. If we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowi
42、ng, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能减缓我们的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滞；呼出呼吸，更多新奇与经历又将拉开序幕。2. Embrace the uncomfortable We all know what that twinge of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice l
43、eaning into these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我们都经历过焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受过恐惧造成的生理反应：脖子僵硬、胃酸翻腾。其实，我们有能力面对这些痛苦的感受，从中领悟到出路。The initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. When we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of o
44、ur lives that we need to experience most. The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favor and lean into the feeling. Act in spite of the fear.我们的第一反应总是逃避以为否认不安情绪的存在就能万事大吉，可这也恰好妨碍了我们经历最需要的生活体验。下次感到不安时，不管有多害怕，也请试着勇敢面对吧。3. Ask your heart what it wants倾听内心Were often
45、 confused at the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brains are sore. Instead of always taking this approach, what if we engaged a new part of ourselves that isnt usually involved in the decision making process?我们常对未来犹疑不定，反复考虑利弊直到身心俱疲。与其一味顾虑重重，不如从局外人的角度看待决策之事。F
46、rom: The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool
47、that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40
